1. Carbon Compounds Review Four major elements for life: C – Carbon
H – Hydrogen
O – Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
Gases

2. Carbon Compounds Carbon: Why is it so important?
Has four valence electrons that can join with another electron to form a strong COVALENT bond.
Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains

3. Carbon Compounds Carbon bonds: Up to four bonds for each C Single
Double
Triple

4. Organic Inorganic All living things contain carbon
Living or came from living things
Contain Carbon
Examples: sugars, starches, oils
Nonliving
CO2  exception
Examples: water (H2O), battery acid, salt

5. Carbon Compounds Let’s build some hydrocarbons!
Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of ONLY carbon and hydrogen
Let’s build some hydrocarbons!

6. Making Models with Carbon Worksheet
What do all the pieces mean? Make a key.
C – Black
H – White
Bonds – White tubes

7. Making Models with Carbon
Building a model. Follow along as we build: Methane
Write the chemical formula: ___________
Draw the structural formula
using the stick model 
Build the compound.

8. Methane

9. On your own try to draw and build the following molecules:
Ethane:
Propane:
Butane:
Octane:

10. Chemical Formula
Number of carbon atoms
Name of compound
C2H6 2
Ethane

11. C3H8 3 Propane Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms
Name of compound
C3H8 3
Propane

12. C4H10 4 Butane Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms
Name of compound
C4H10 4
Butane

13. C8H18 8 Octane Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms
Name of compound
C8H18 8
Octane

14. Try these questions on your own:
How many bonds can a hydrogen atom from?
How many bonds can a carbon atom form?
Notice that all of the hydrocarbons we have built end with –ane. (i.e. propane) The suffix –ane means that a hydrocarbon only contains single bonds between the carbon atoms. We call these hydrocarbon alkanes.

15. ALKANE: compounds of C and H that are only single bonded (saturated)
ALKENE: compounds of C and H that have at least one double bond (unsaturated)
ALKYNE: compounds of C and H that have at least one triple bond (unsaturated)

16. Using this new information create the following compounds
Using this new information create the following compounds. Draw the structural formula and then build a model with the kit.
1. Ethene
2. Ethyne
What is the chemical formula for Ethene? ____________ for Ethyne? ____________

17. 1. Butane (straight chain)
2. Isobutane (branched chain)

18. Macromolecules Macromolecules – Four main groups of organic compounds
formed by polymerization large compounds are made by joining smaller ones (monomers) together.

19. Macromolecules Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Four groups of organic compounds found in living things:

20. How to Make a Macromolecule
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
How monomers are linked together.
For each monomer added to a chain, one water molecule (H2O) is removed.

22. How to Break a Macromolecule
Hydrolysis
Breaking polymers into monomers using/adding water.
We have to break down our food to get energy!

24. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
Monomer- Monosaccharides (Single sugar molecules)
Characteristics:
Living things use carbs as their main source of energy.
Plants and some animals use carbs for structure.

25. Carbohydrates Examples: Glucose – main product of photosynthesis
Galactose – component of milk
Fructose – component of fruit

26. Carbohydrates Disaccharides
Formed when two monosaccharides join together
Examples:
Maltose – malted milkshakes
Sucrose – plant sap, table sugar
Lactose – sugar found in milk

27. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Large molecules (polymer) formed from monosaccharides
Used by many plants and animals to store sugar
Examples:
Starch – plant storage
Cellulose – gives plants
structure
Glycogen – animal storage

28. Let’s Build Some Carbohydrates!

29. Lipids Lipids Monomer – technically does not have a monomer…
Made up of - Glycerol and three fatty acids

30. Lipids Characteristics Widely varied in structure and function
Substances that are insoluble in a polar solvent and soluble in a nonpolar solvent.
Lipids cannot dissolve in water.

31. Lipids Importance: Long-term energy Insulation and protection
Chemical messengers; surround nerve cells; myelin
Cell membranes

32. Lipids Fats Oils Waxes 3 Types – There are more! These are just three!
Solid
Butter
Gristle
Bacon fat
Liquid
Olive Oil
Hard Solid
Candles
Surfboard wax

33. Lipids Saturated Unsaturated Bad Solid animal fats
Causes heart disease
Single bonds between carbons
Good
Fish Oil
Prevents heart disease
Double bonds between carbons

34. Let’s Build Some
Lipids!

35. Proteins Proteins 20 different amino acids Sequence is important!
Monomer – Amino Acids
20 different amino acids
Sequence is important!

36. Proteins Importance? Structurally – Important for cells
Functionally – most important as ENZYMES (chemical catalysts that speed and regulate almost all chemical reactions)
Suffix –ase lets you know it’s an enzyme

37. Proteins
Examples:
Structural Protein – found in hair and tendons/ligaments
Defensive Protein – Antibodies of the immune system
Signal Protein – hormones/messengers that communicate between cells

38. Proteins Transport Proteins – ex/ transporting oxygen/sugars
Storage Proteins – ex/ store amino acids for embryos

39. Building Proteins Worksheet

40. Proteins

41. Proteins
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells by lowering activation energy)
Sucrase 

44. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Monomers (building blocks) Nucleotides
Each nucleotide has three parts

45. Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate Group
5-Carbon Sugar

46. Nucleic Acids Importance? Two kinds
Function - Store and transmit hereditary/genetic information
Two kinds
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

47. Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous Bases: DNA RNA Making polynucleotides:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
RNA
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
Making polynucleotides:
Nucleotides join by a dehydration synthesis reaction to form DNA/RNA

49. Protein Review What are the elements found in proteins?
Functionally why are proteins important?
What are the monomers of proteins?
To join two amino acids together, what process has to occur?
To break apart amino acids, what process has to occur?

51. Enzyme Activity Lab

52. Tissue Preparation Raw Liver Boiled Liver Liver soaked in acid
Observation (bubbling or no bubbling)
Rating of reaction intensity
0 = NO REACTION
10 = VERY VIGOROUS REACTION
Raw Liver
Boiled Liver
Liver soaked in acid
Liver soaked in base
Liver on ice
Raw Potato
Boiled Potato
Potato soaked in acid
Potato soaked in base
Potato on ice

53. Fatty Acid Spectrum TRANS LDL HDL SATURATED LDL HDL POLYUNSAT. LDL HDL
MONOSAT.
LDL
HDL