2. 1235 A.D. - Ghana replaced by Mali—Another kingdom based on gold trade
Mali becomes wealthy as the while Almoravid conquest disrupted the Gold-Salt Trade wealth that went to Ghana
Mali was founded by a Mande speaking people who lived south of Ghana
Used to be controlled by the Sosso, a kingdom near Mali
Sundiata - Mande prince - Defeated the Sosso king and gaining independence from the Sosso (used to live in exile until he was called back to free his kingdom)
With victory over the Sosso fresh, Sunidata Conquered Ghana and the trade cities of Kumbi and Walata
Sunidata Reestablished the gold-salt trade (which had been disrupted earlier because of the Almoravids) and encouraged agriculture as well as innovation in farming techniques
Empire of Mali

3. Sunidata Keita “The Lion King”

4. Later Mali rulers also convert to Islam as the Gold and Salt Trade is reestablished/reinforced with North African Merchants
Mali rulers bring Muslim scholars and teachers to the Malians about Islam – built beautiful mosques in Mali because of their wealth from trade
Most famous of the Muslim Mali rulers was Mansa Musa—Ruled Mali from 1312–1332
Grandnephew of Sunidata Keita, he was a skilled military leader and fair ruler
Divided his kingdom into provinces, appointed governors, put down rebellions (kept order – hard to do in Africa at times)
Also went on a hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca, where he gave gifts of gold left and right to the people of the cities he visited along the way ( he was that rich) – considered one the richest men to ever have existed
Ibn Battuta—Muslim scholar and traveler—visits Mali and praises its justice system though he had problems with the fact that the Malians didn’t follow Islam’s moral code to the letter
1400 A.D. – Mali declines after Mansa Musa’s death; his successors couldn’t govern as well as he had and the wealth from the trade of gold began to shift
Empire of Mali (Cont.)

5. East Coast Trade Cities
East African Coastline – Port cities like Kilwa, Mombasa and Sofala thrive on trade with Arabia and India
Began developing by the 200s A.D. - by 1100 A.D., they have become an established part of the Indian Ocean trade routes
Items such as Ivory, gold, tortoiseshell, etc. were traded to Arabia and Asia in return for jewels, cotton, manufactured goods
New language arises—Swahili—blend of Arabic and native African languages (Bantu) languages
1300 A.D. - Over 35 trading seaport cities grow wealthy – arguably one of the wealthiest regions of the world during the 1300s.
Trade from Northern and Western Africa would also make its way into Eastern African port cities

7. Influence of Islam
Muslim merchants (from North Africa and Arabia) spread Islam as they trade on eastern coast
Most cities governed by a Muslim sultan and officials – people who live in coastal cities have to read the Quran, adhere to the Five Pillars of Islam, and obey Sharia
Most people in the region follow traditional religions or blend their old traditions with Islam – Syncretism
Ex. Curanderismo – Prayers to saints and Mary w/ cleansings, spiritual contact, divination
Africans sold on coast are sent to Arabia, Persia, and India
650 A.D. – 1900 A.D. – 20 Million Africans sold in Indian Ocean Slave Trade– Arab slavers intentionally came looking through the African kingdoms to buy prisoners, orphans, etc. to sell as slaves later
80 Million possibly died en route to destination
6-10 Male slaves in Islamic areas were castrated to prevent having children
Many female slaves were kept in harems; often at the mercy of their master
The Europeans who came into contact with slavers in the 1400s were influenced to later start the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade – Took African slaves to the Americas – needed to supply the labor in the plantations, etc. ( million)

9. Abeed/Abid = “Black”

10. Southern Africa and Great Zimbabwe
Southern Africa also experienced development and prosperity due to trade
Shona people build Great Zimbabwe—southeastern empire based on gold trade
Shona farm and raise cattle between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; Raised crops like pumpkin, soghum and yams. Well known for their stone sculptures
After 1000, Great Zimbabwe Controlled gold trade routes to Sofala, eastern coast trade city – access to the Indian Ocean Trade
Leaders Gained wealth by taxing traders and their goods that come through Great Zimbabwe
Abandoned by 1450 for unknown reasons – theories run from the cattle grazing too much and farming had worn out the soil
Ruins of Great Zimbabwe discovered in 1871
Overall, Africa was one of the richest regions in the world for hundreds of years

13. DBQ Requirements In total, there will be 6 paragraphs for this essay:
Introduction
Synthesis
3 body paragraphs (6 documents, use all/most)
Conclusion
Monday: Finish HIPPO analysis in class
Tuesday: Turn in Introduction and Synthesis
Wednesday: Turn in first two body paragraphs
Thursday: Turn in last body paragraph and conclusion
By Friday, all essay parts will have been submitted

14. Introduction/SynthesisB
B – Provide background information to Islam – how was it founded, when, etc. (Use notes for help)
A – Answer the Question – Look at the documents and list the different methods Muslims used to spread their religion (List them in 1-2 sentences).
R – Reasons – Why would those methods be effective? Provide hints from the documents
Synthesis: Compare Islamic expansion to that of another civilization: Roman Republic, Persia, etc. (Also look at notes to make comparisons) A R