1. The Human Reproductive System
* Body Parts and Functions

2. Female Reproductive System

3. Female Reproductive System

4. Female reproduction system
Fallopian tubes
Extend from the ovaries to the uterus
Carry the mature ova to the uterus
Inner walls with cilia which propel the egg to the uterus
Has two parts: fimbria and ampulla
Fimbria: envelopes the ovary and catches the egg at the time of ovulation (when egg is realesed)
Ampulla: Tube where fertilization takes place (when the sperm enters the egg)

5. 2. Uterus The main reproductive organ (pear shaped)
Walls are 1cm thick, lined with tissue called uterine lining
Expandable
The site where the embryo is brought to maturity
Reforms each month in preparation of receiving a fertilized egg

6. 3. Vagina
Cavity that receives sperm and allows the passage of the fetus
Capable of considerable dilatation

7. 4. Ovaries
4. Ovaries
There are two ovaries, which are almond shaped sacs 3cm x 2cm
Responsible for bringing ova to maturity
Contains the eggs, about at birth
Between ages 12 to 50, about 400 eggs mature
Stops functioning at menopause.

8. Vulva (external glands)
Labia majora
Large external folds
Labia minora
Two folds that cover the vaginal opening.
Clitoris
Small, erectile structure with many blood vessels and nerve endings

9. Hyman
Membrane which covers the vaginal opening
Different forms, may be minimal or absent all together
Bartholian glands
Secretes a lubricating substance

10. Female Puberty
At the onset of puberty, the pituitary gland (in the brain) produces two hormones, FSH and LH
These hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce other hormones: estrogen and progesterone
These hormones produce a number of changes

11. Physiological Changes
Growth of body hair
Growth of breasts
Widening of hips
Development of genital organs
Beginning of menstruation

12. The Menstrual Cycle
The role of the menstrual cycle is to bring an egg to maturity so that it can be fertilized by a sperm.
Endometrium:
The lining of the inner surface of the uterus
A soft protection “bed” that supports and nourishes the embryo.
If the egg is not fertilized by a sperm, the lining is shed.

13. Four Phases Phase 1 – The Menstrual Phase
Day 1 to Day 4-7
Bleeding (release of the endometrium) to flush unfertilized eggs out of the system
Phase 2 – The Follicular Phase
Up to Day 14
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is released from the brain in order to develop a new egg in the ovary
Follicle grows and releases estrogen.
The walls of the uterus also thicken (endometrium) in preparation of the possible arrival of a fertilized egg

14. Ovulation Phase 4 – Luteal Phase Day 14
A follicle releases an ovum into the Fallopian tubes
If fertilized, the egg will implant itself in the uterus
Phase 4 – Luteal Phase
Day 15 to Day 28
Progesterone from ovary is released to maintain the endometrium until it is determined if the egg is fertilized.
The non-fertilized egg(s) degrades and hormonal changes lead to menstruation

16. Cowper’s glands

17. Male Reproductive System
Penis
Erectile organ that ejaculates semen during intercourse
Includes the glans (end of the penis) and foreskin (fold of skin around the glans)
Testicles (two)
About the size of egg yolks
Located inside the scrotum
Produce testosterone (hormone) and spermatazoa
The epididymis extends to form the vas deferens

18. Seminal vesicles (two)
Epididymis
Long tube about 6m in length coiled on top of each testicle
Vas deferens
Tubes connecting the testicles to the urethra
Collect sperm and store them between ejaculations
Seminal vesicles (two)
Produce a liquid that forms 30% of semen
Secretes a thick, transparent liquid into the vas deferens in which the sperms are suspended.

19. Ejaculatory duct Prostate Cowper’s glands Urethra
Connects the vas deferens to the urethra
Receives secretions from the seminal vesicles and sperm from the vas defrens.
Prostate
Produce a milky liquid that forms 60% of semen
Cowper’s glands
Produce a liquid that forms 5% of semen
Urethra
Extends from the bladder to the end of the penis
Receives urine from the bladder and sperm from the ejaculatory ducts

20. Male Puberty
At the onset of puberty, the pituitary gland (in the brain) produces two hormones, FSH and LH
These hormones stimulate the testicles to produce hormones called androgens (such as testosterone)
Androgens produce a number of changes, in addition to the production of spermatazoa

21. Spermatazoa

22. Physiological Changes
Growth of body hair
Deepening of voice
Development of muscle
Changes to genital organs

23. TWINS Identical twins 30% of all twins are identical
Develop from one egg & one sperm
The fertilized egg divides into two separate zygotes
These twins have the same sex, blood type & hereditary characteristics

24. Twins Fraternal twins 70% of all twins are fraternal
2 eggs are released by one ovary or each ovary releases 1 egg
A different sperm fertilizes each egg
Different hereditary characteristics.

25. Procreation

26. Assisted Reproduction
Artificial insemination
Cryopreservation (freezing)
Sperm/egg donation
Fertility drugs
In vitro fertilization
Surrogacy

27. Ethical Issues What to do with unused eggs and sperm…
Should surrogate mothers be paid for their “work”?
Should a child made by artificial insemination be allowed to find out who his/her “parents” are?