1. Nationalism
November 30, 2018

2. Congress of Vienna
In 1815, following Napoleon’s exile, the Great Powers met at the Congress of Vienna
All lands taken by Napoleon were returned to their nations
They reestablished the balance of power in Europe
They reinstated the absolute monarchs
Absolute monarch had to suppress democratic movements

3. Congress of Vienna Map

4. First Nationalist Movements
Two main aspects
Unification – peoples of common culture from different states were joined together
Separation – groups splintered off from their current government to form one that was more representative of their own interests
Liberals and radicals led the movement to create nation-states all over Europe

5. First Nationalist Movements
Began in the Balkans with the Greeks rebelling against the Ottoman Empire
With the help of Britain, France and Russia they became independent
There were revolutions in Belgium, Italy and Russia but they were crushed

6. First Nationalist Movements
France
Charles X attempted to establish an absolute monarchy
He was replaced by Louis-Philippe
He soon lost favor and was overthrown for a republic in 1848

7. First Nationalist Movements
The moderates took control, elected a president and established a parliamentary system
Louis-Napoleon (Bonaparte's nephew) was elected president
Four years later he took the title
Emperor Napoleon III
He stabilized and industrialized
France

8. Nationalism
November 30, 2018

9. German Unification
German Confederation composed of 39 loosely joined states
Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful
Prussia
Germanic population, powerful army and liberal constitution

10. German Unification
Wilhelm I was in power supported by conservative Junkers (wealthy landowners)
Wilhelm appointed Otto von Bismarck, a Junker, as his prime minister

11. German Unification Bismarck ruled under the policy realpolitik
‘the politics of reality’
Decisions of the day decided by blood and iron, not by speeches and vote
Under this policy, he embarked on a campaign of German unification

12. German Unification There were 3 wars for German unification
Austria and Prussia formed an alliance to take land from Denmark
Seven Weeks War
Bismarck created border conflicts with Austria to provoke them into declaring war on Prussia

13. Seven Weeks War Map

14. German Unification Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck changed the wording of the Ems Telegram to make it appear that Wilhelm I insulted the French ambassador
The French were provoked to declare war
Napoleon III was defeated and German unification was complete

15. Franco-Prussian War Map
German Unification

16. German Unification

17. Italian Unification
Count Camillo di Cavour led the unification of the Northern Italian states
Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful and had a liberal constitution
With the help of the French, Cavour won the Austrian-occupied land of northern Italy

18. Italian Unification
At the same time, Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader of the Red Shirts, captured Sicily in the south
Cavour persuaded Garibaldi to unite the two sections
King Victor Emmanuel II led the
united Italy
Rome was its capital

19. 4 shorts wars fought between 1859 and 1871 redrew the map of Europe
For the next 4 decades these Great Powers would remain at peace

20. Map of Europe 1878