1. Prenatal Care
What decisions does a pregnant female need to take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby?
Performing regular physical activity
Choosing nutritious foods

2. In this lesson, you will learn to:
Lesson Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
Examine prenatal care and proper nutrition for the baby and the mother
Discuss the harmful effects of certain substances on the fetus, such as tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, and environmental hazards
List complications during pregnancy such as miscarriage and stillbirth

3. Importance of Prenatal Care
Deciding the Prenatal Health Care Provider
One of the first decisions a pregnant female must make is who will provide her prenatal care.
An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in the care of a female and her developing child.
A certified nurse-midwife is an advanced practical nurse who specializes in prenatal care and delivering babies.

4. Importance of Prenatal Care
Deciding the Place of Birth
In the United States, most births take place at a hospital, but some women choose to have the delivery at home or in a birthing center.
Regardless of where the birth takes place, a doctor or certified nurse-midwife should be present.

5. Importance of Prenatal Care
Prenatal Visits
During prenatal visits, the female will have a complete physical that includes blood tests and a pelvic exam.
The obstetrician or nurse-midwife will monitor the mother’s weight and blood pressure.
These visits also give the parents-to-be the opportunity to ask questions and to learn about important behaviors that can help ensure the health of the baby.

6. Proper Nutrition During Pregnancy
Nutrients Essential for Optimal Fetal Health
Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth and healthy nerves and muscles. It is also important in developing heart rhythm.
Protein helps form muscle and most other tissue.
Iron makes red blood cells and supplies oxygen to cells.
Vitamin A aids in cell and bone growth and eye development.
Vitamin B complex aids in forming the nervous system.
Folic acid is a critical part of spinal fluid and helps close the tube that contains the central nervous system.

7. Proper Nutrition During Pregnancy
Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Although a pregnant female’s nutritional requirements may increase, she must be careful not to gain too much weight.
Excess weight can be a health risk for both mother and baby.
Weight-reduction diets during pregnancy can harm the developing fetus.
Physical activity can be beneficial to the pregnant female and her developing child.

8. Avoiding Harmful Substances During Pregnancy
The Health of the Fetus
Avoiding Harmful Substances During Pregnancy
A pregnant female must be very careful about the substances she takes into her body.
Tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs can enter the body of the developing fetus and have harmful effects.

9. Tobacco and Pregnancy The Health of the Fetus
Studies suggest that a pregnant female’s smoking may also affect the growth, mental development, and behavior of her child until he or she is 11 years old.
The only sure way to protect the developing fetus and child from the negative effects of tobacco is not to smoke.
According to the American Lung Association, pregnant females exposed repeatedly to secondhand smoke also have an increased risk of having a low birth weight baby.

10. Alcohol and Pregnancy The Health of the Fetus
Any alcohol consumed during pregnancy quickly passes through the umbilical cord to the fetus.
An elevated alcohol level can result in permanent damage to the fetus and a condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
The safe decision for pregnant females and females considering pregnancy is not to drink any alcoholic beverages.

11. Medicines, Other Drugs, and Pregnancy
The Health of the Fetus
Medicines, Other Drugs, and Pregnancy
During pregnancy, even prescription and over-the-counter medicines should be taken only with the approval of a doctor or other qualified health care provider.
The use of certain illegal drugs during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects, premature labor, or miscarriage.
In addition, a baby can be born addicted to the drugs the mother uses during pregnancy.

12. Environmental Hazards
The Health of the Fetus
Environmental Hazards
Lead: Lead exposure has been linked to miscarriages, low birth weight, mental disabilities, and behavior problems in children.
Smog: Recent studies have linked air pollution with birth defects, low birth weight, premature birth, stillbirth, and infant death.
Radiation: Ionizing radiation—the type found in X rays—can affect fetal growth and cause mental retardation.

13. More Environmental Hazards
The Health of the Fetus
More Environmental Hazards
Cat litter: Cat feces may contain a parasite that can cause a disease called toxoplasmosis.
Household chemicals: Pregnant females should read the cautions on cleaning products, wear gloves, and work in well-ventilated areas.

14. Complications During Pregnancy
Problems During Pregnancy
Most pregnancies proceed with few problems. However, complications can arise, some of them serious.
Complications include miscarriage or stillbirth.
Receiving the proper prenatal care during pregnancy can reduce the risk or severity of any problems that do arise.

15. Complications During Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancies result when the zygote implants in the fallopian tube, the abdomen, the ovary, or the cervix.
This can occur when the fertilized egg can’t pass to the uterus.
The fetus can’t get the nourishment it needs to grow normally.
The situation is a threat to the pregnant female’s life.
The treatment of ectopic pregnancy is removal of the fetus from the female’s body.

16. Complications During Pregnancy
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia, also called toxemia, can prevent the placenta from getting enough blood.
The condition may result in low fetal birth weight and problems for the mother.
Symptoms of preeclampsia in a pregnant female include high blood pressure, swelling, and large amounts of protein in the urine.
Treatment includes reducing blood pressure through bed rest or medicines. In some cases, hospitalization is necessary.

17. Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. A dead fetus expelled from the body after the twentieth week is called a _________.
FAS
preeclampsia
stillbirth
miscarriage

18. A. 3. stillbirth Quick Review - Answer
A dead fetus expelled from the body after the twentieth week is called a stillbirth.
Click Next to attempt another question.

19. Q. In what ways does prenatal care helps pregnant females?
Quick Review
Q. In what ways does prenatal care helps pregnant females?
identify personal problems so they can be corrected or treated early.
decide on a health care provider and the place where the birth will take place.
be informed about how their babies will be prettier than others.
be trained to work and take care of their babies at the same time.

20. Quick Review - Answer
A. 2. decide on a health care provider and the place where the birth will take place.
Prenatal care helps pregnant females decide on a health care provider and the place where the birth will take place.
Click Next to attempt another question.

21. Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. Harmful substances in alcohol, drugs, and tobacco can be passed to the fetus through the umbilical cord, causing problems with fetal development.
True
False

22. Quick Review - Answer
A. True. Harmful substances in alcohol, drugs, and tobacco can be passed to the fetus through the umbilical cord, causing problems with fetal development.
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23. Q. Pregnancy is a natural process, so prenatal care is not important.
Quick Review
Choose the appropriate option.
Q. Pregnancy is a natural process, so prenatal care is not important.
True
False

24. Quick Review - Answer
A. False. Pregnancy is a natural process, and prenatal care is very important for the health and vitality of the pregnant mother and her baby.
Click Next to attempt another question.

25. End of Lesson 2
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26. Quick Review - Answer
A. Correct! A dead fetus expelled from the body after the twentieth week is called a stillbirth.
Click Next to attempt another question.

27. Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.

28. Importance of Prenatal Care
Deciding the Prenatal Health Care Provider
One of the first decisions a pregnant female must make is who will provide her prenatal care.
An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in the care of a female and her developing child.
A certified nurse-midwife is an advanced practical nurse who specializes in prenatal care and delivering babies.
Prenatal care refers to steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby.

29. Importance of Prenatal Care
Deciding the Place of Birth
In the United States, most births take place at a hospital, but some women choose to have the delivery at home or in a birthing center.
Regardless of where the birth takes place, a doctor or certified nurse-midwife should be present.
A birthing center is a facility in which women with low-risk pregnancies can deliver their babies in a homelike setting.

30. Alcohol and Pregnancy The Health of the Fetus
Any alcohol consumed during pregnancy quickly passes through the umbilical cord to the fetus.
An elevated alcohol level can result in permanent damage to the fetus and a condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
The safe decision for pregnant females and females considering pregnancy is not to drink any alcoholic beverages.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of alcohol-related birth defects that include both physical and mental problems.

31. Complications During Pregnancy
Problems During Pregnancy
Most pregnancies proceed with few problems. However, complications can arise, some of them serious.
Complications include miscarriage or stillbirth.
Receiving the proper prenatal care during pregnancy can reduce the risk or severity of any problems that do arise.
Miscarriage is the spontaneous expulsion of a fetus that occurs before
the twentieth week of a pregnancy.

32. Complications During Pregnancy
Problems During Pregnancy
Most pregnancies proceed with few problems. However, complications can arise, some of them serious.
Complications include miscarriage or stillbirth.
Receiving the proper prenatal care during pregnancy can reduce the risk or severity of any problems that do arise.
Stillbirth is a dead fetus expelled from
the body after the twentieth week.

33. Quick Review - Answer
A. Correct! Prenatal care helps pregnant females: decide on a health care provider and the place where the birth will take place.
Click Next to attempt another question.

34. Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.

35. Quick Review - Answer
A. Correct! Harmful substances in alcohol, drugs, and tobacco can be passed to the fetus through the umbilical cord, causing problems with fetal development.
Click Next to attempt another question.

36. Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.

37. Quick Review - Answer
A. Correct! Pregnancy is a natural process, and prenatal care is very important for the health and vitality of the pregnant mother and her baby.
Click Next to attempt another question.

38. Quick Review - Answer
You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer.