1. Multivariate Analysis of Trace Elements from Coral Cores
Sheena Weller MARS /24/18

2. Dataset Timeseries of trace elements for three coral cores Samples
Measured as depth downcore (cm)
Different sample sizes
Variables
21 trace elements
Li/Ca, B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Al/Ca, Mn/Ca, Cu/Ca, Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, Pb/Ca, U/Ca, Na/Ca, Fe/Ca, V/Ca, Co/Ca, Ni/Ca, Rb/Ca, Mo/Ca, Sn/Ca, Sb/Ca

3. What trace elements explain the most shared variability?9 1 2
For all three cores combined
For each core separately
“The goal of this project was to …”
determine the temporal and spatial patterns of shared variability in all trace elements measured, between cores and for each core separately
Predictions: H0:
H0 = There is no difference between trace elements
HA = There is a difference between trace elements

4. Original Data Matrix - Combination of Three Cores
81 samples (depth downcore)
21 trace element to Ca ratios
Quantitative data
Core 1:
37 Samples
21 Elements
Core 2:
18 Samples
Core 9:
26 Samples

5. Summary Analysis Transformation: Relativization: log (x + 1) general
No Outliers, no empty cells, no deleted cells
General / sum
I propose a log (x+1) transformation first since we have values ranging from 0 – 1500 (used log (x+1) so there are no negative data)
Then a general relativization was preformed so that all variables have equal weight
The three highest concentrations found across all three cores are U/Ca, B/Ca, and V/Ca
Lowest concentrations found across all three cores Mn/Ca, Sn/Ca, and Co/Ca

6. New Matrix after Transformation and Relativization
Ordination Method chosen
NMDS
Non parametric data

7. NMDS Analysis Autopilot / medium (50 runs) 2-D solution
In order to determine the temporal and spatial patterns of shared variability in all trace elements measured, a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis was run on elements of the three cores together.
P- values
Stress reduction rule
Final stress = according to clarks rule of thumb this data corresponds tp a usable picture
Autopilot / medium (50 runs)
2-D solution
Final stress:

8. NMS Ordination Plot Results
Most Variance Explained (tau)
Axis 1
Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Al, Sn, Ba, Cd
Axis 2
Cu, Co, Sn, Al
Axis 1 explains 78% of the variance and is described by variability in Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Al, Sn, Cd, Ba
Axis 1 and axis 2 are completely independent from each other
Second axis explains the difference, more so then the first one, changing more on the second 0-14

9. Inferences Axis 1 - Fe, Al, Mn, Ba, Cu, Co, Sn, Cd
Indicators
Al, Mn, Ba, Mg, and Fe: Reflect changes in Sedimentation that are directly related to development
Ba, Mn: River discharge, precipitation
Axis 2 - Cu, Co, Cd and Sn
Indicators of heavy metal
Directly related to increasing industrial activity, population, and tourism

10. Separate NMS Analysis of each Core

11. Correlations with Main Matrix
Core 1
Core 2
Core 9
2-D
Axis 1: Al, Mn, Zn, V, Fe, Ba, Pb, U, Mo
Axis 2: Co, Cu, Sn, Na, Cd, Fe, Zn
3-D
Axis 1: Al, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, V, Sb
Axis 2: Cu, V, Co, Mo, Sn
Axis 3: Pb, Fe, Mo
2-D
Axis 1: Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, V, Co
Axis 2: Zn, Fe, Sn, Sb
: all have Al, Mn, Fe (Ba, Cd, Co)
001 and 002 show more similarities – makes sense since there from the same location
Have higher concentrations of heavy metals for the resuspended area 001/002
Combined
Axis 1 : Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Al, Sn, Ba, Cd
Axis 2: Cu, Co, Sn, Al

12. Results
Core 1 has the highest trace element concentrations, followed by core 2 and then core 9
More similarities between core 1 and core 2
Core 9 has fewer heavy trace elements incorporated
Most variability for all three cores explained by Al, Mn, and then Fe
Closest to urbanization
makes sense since there from the same location, experience similar environmental conditions

13. Next Step - Reanalysis Follow up with ISA MRPP Non-parametric data
H0: There is no difference between trace elements of the tree coral cores
Grouping variable: cores
Follow up with
ISA
MRPP is a non para testing the hypothesis of no differences between two or more groups
Grouping variable will be the three cores
Likely to see that there is a significant difference between the cores
Could still do this:
Do NMDS on important elements only (Al, Fe, Sn, Mn -> those with high loadings only (top 8-10 elements of axes)
Do NMDS on temperature/salinity trace elements