1. The
American
Revolution:

2. The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independence to provide ideological justification for the Revolution
It was divided into Three basic segments:
An introduction with a statement of our philosophy
All men are created equal
Inalienable rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Powers of consent of the governed (people)
Right to revolt against tyranny

3. A list of 27 grievances (complaints) against the king
Cutting off trade with other parts of the world (mercantilism)
Quartering large amounts of armed troops in the colonies
Imposing taxes without consent (“no taxation without representation)
Depriving colonists of trial by jury
Formal Declaration of Independence
We are free and independent states
No longer any political connection between America and Great Britain

4. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

6. Loyalist
Strongholds

7. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

8. Exports & Imports:

9. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

10. Important People
Colonists British George Washington William Howe (General) (General) Israel Putnam Charles Cornwallis (Major General) (Major General)

11. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

12. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

13. Battle of Bunker Hill
“Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes”
Colonists gain confidence for future battles
The British leave Boston  Canada
King George III ordered a blockade of all Colonial ports

15. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

16. Battle of Long Island (Battle of Brooklyn)
August 27th, 1776
First major battle of the Revolutionary War
Following the Declaration of Independence
First official battle fought by the army of the United States
Britain captured New York City
And occupied Long Island

17. Fort Tyron: NYC

19. New York City in Flames (1776)

20. Do now: Analyze this picture: Why was this statue put up on the highest point of Brooklyn?
The Minerva Statue

21. Patriots had suffered heavy losses from the Battle of New York
> retreated to Penn
General Howe (Britain) had a very large army & powerful navy: now controlled the seacoasts up and down the colonies
On Christmas night of 1776 General Washington led his men across the Delaware River to go into Trenton, NJ
3 groups of soldiers crossed the river at different times of the night
Surprise attacked in the morning
Took over Trenton

22. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

23. Do Now: Pick one side- Americans or England What strategy should the army use to defeat the rebels/England?

24. Battle of Trenton
Hessians- German mercenaries fighting for the British
General Washington led his troops in a surprise attack on Christmas morning
Surprised the Hessian soldiers
Took most of them prisoner
Hessian population of Trenton at
8 am: 1,408 men & 39 officers
9 am: 0

25. A modern-day re-enactment
Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment

26. Battle of Saratoga American victory!
British plan: to cut the New England colonies off from the rest of the colonies
The Green Mountain Boys came to help
In the village of Saratoga the Americans surrounded the British
American victory!
Britain is no longer a threat to New England
Convinced France to become an ally of the United States

27. Do Now: Why did the British concentrate their efforts on the south after the battle of Saratoga?

28. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

29. Native American involvement in the American Revolution
The Native Americans wanted to remain neutral
Saw the colonies as a “weak boy”
England was able to convince the Native Americans that if the Patriots won: the ‘white’ colonists would cross the Appalachian Mtns and take more of their land

30. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot placate the countryside
Good US General: Nathanial Greene

31. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

32. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

33. Winning the South: Great & intelligent Generals
Nathaniel Green (Rhode Island)
Daniel Morgan (Virginia)
Brilliant military strategy
Knowledge of location
Guerilla tactics

34. Why
did the British
Lose???

35. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

36. Treaty of Paris 8 years after the battles of Lexington & Concord
The British recognized the United States as an independent nation
New borders: from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River
Florida was returned to Spain

37. Review Sheet Boston Massacre & Boston Tea Party Lexington and Concord
Battle of Bunker Hill
Declaration of Independence
Origins of ideas and grievances
Loyalists vs. Patriots
Famous generals
Battles of the Revolution
Northern campaign & Sothern campaign
Role of Africans and Native Americans
Treaty of Paris

38. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

39. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

40. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.

41. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

42. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

43. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

44. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

45. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

46. State Claims to Western Lands

47. Land Ordinance of 1785

48. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

49. The United States in 1787

50. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

51. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

52. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

53. Shays’ Rebellion:

54. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington

55. Documents
Ethan Allen and Captain de la Place. May The capture of Fort Ticonderoga, New York. Copy of engraving after Alonzo Chappel. ARC Identifier
Valley Forge--Washington & Lafayette. Winter Copy of engraving by H. B. Hall after Alonzo Chappel. ARC Identifier
General George Washington and a Committee of Congress at Valley Forge. Winter Copy of engraving after W. H. Powell, published ARC Identifier
Benjamin Franklin at the Court of France. ARC Identifier
The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga. October Copy of painting by John Trumbull, ARC Identifier
Benedict Arnold's Oath of Allegiance. ARC Identifier
Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, October 19, 1781, by which over 7,000 British and Hessians became prisoners. Copy of lithograph by James Baillie, ca ARC Identifier
Treaty of Paris (page 1, signature page) ARC Identifier