1. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
Topic 10.1

2. functional groups are the reactive part of molecules
they determine the class of chemical being referred to
see hand out giving:
class – functional group – suffix – general formula - example

4. The following three slides are really not necessary anymore
The following three slides are really not necessary anymore. See the hand out given in class

5. Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups
Formula
Structural Formula
Alcohol
-OH
- O – H
Aldehyde
-COH (on the end of a chain) O
- C – H
Ketone
-CO- (can’t be on end of chain)
- C –
Carboxylic Acid
-COOH (on the end of a chain)
- C – O – H
Halide
-Br, -Cl, -F, -I
- X
Better slide coming up next.

6. Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups
Formula
Suffix
(or Prefix)
Alcohol
-OH
-ol
Aldehyde
-COH
-al
Ketone
-CO-
-one
Carboxylic Acid
-COOH
-oic acid
Halide
-Br, -Cl, -F, -I
bromo-,chloro-, fluoro-,iodo-

8. Alcohols: suffix = “-ol”
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
2-methyl propan-2-ol

9. Aldehydes: suffix = “-al”
Aldehydes: suffix = “-al”
propanal
Note: an aldeyhde group is always on an end carbon so don’t need a number
butandianal

11. Ketones: suffix = “-one”
Ketones: suffix = “-one”
propanone
(don’t need C# with only three carbons)
butanone
(don’t need C#, only four carbons)
penta-2-one

12. butandione
pentan-3-one

13. Butan-2-one

14. Carboxylic Acids: suffix = “-oic acid”
butanoic acid
Note: a carboxyl is always on an end carbon
propandioic acid

15. Halogenalkanes: prefixes = “fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo”
1-bromopropane
2-chlorobutane
1,2-diiodoethane
1,2-difluoroethene
1,1,2-trifluoroethene

16. Esters: suffix = “-oate”
two chains interrupted by an oxygen
one chain is based on the chain containing the single bonded O
this chain come first in the name
the other chain is based on the chain including the carbonyl group.
this chain has the ending “oate” on it

18. Ethers:
You should know ethers for IB but I’m not going to test you on it.

19. Identify primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH) and halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)
with reference to the carbon that is directly bonded to a hydroxyl or a halogen
Primary = carbon atom is only bonded to one other carbon
Secondary = carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons
Tertiary = carbon atom is bonded to three other carbons

22. Aromatic hydrocarbons
contain a benzene ring
the name of the class come from the fact that many of them have strong, pungent aromas
an unsaturated carbon where the double bonds resonate back and forth with the single bonds

23. physical evidence for its structure
benzene crystallizes when cooled
analysis of this showed that all six C-C bonds had identical lengths (140 pm)
this allows the molecule to be symmetrical instead of the different lengths associated with singe (154 pm) and double (134 pm)
chemical evidence for its structure
does not react as other unsaturated carbons do when adding hydrogen (hydrogenation) to them
Richard Thornley 10.1 (start at 3:20)

24. I don’t think the following slides are in Topic 10 anymore
I don’t think the following slides are in Topic 10 anymore. However, they should look familiar from Topic 4 since it is still relevant to the class.

25. Volatility: how easily a substance turns into a gas
Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of compounds
Volatility: how easily a substance turns into a gas
the stronger the intermolecular force, the less volatile it is
ionic › hydrogen bonding › dipole-dipole › van der Wall’s
therefore volatility from highest to lowest…
alkane (only Van der Wall’s) › halogenoalkane › aldehyde › ketone › amine › alcohol (H bonding) › carboxylic acid (H bonding)

27. Boiling Points

28. Solubility: a solute’s ability to dissolve in a polar solvent (water)
the more polar a substance is, the more soluble it is
solubility decreases as chain length increases
smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones & carboxylic acids are typically soluble
they are all polar as is water