1. Building Construction I
Introduction
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Environment – surroundings which can be natural or man-made or a combination of these
Natural Environment
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Built Environment – created by man with or without the aid of the natural environment
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Built Environment
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Physical considerations of built environment
Natural contours of land
Natural vegetation and trees
Size of land and/or proposed building
Shape of land and/or proposed building
Approach and access roads and foot paths
Building regulations
Services available
Natural waterways, lakes and ponds
Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings
Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land or activities
Proposed future developments
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Natural environment – its effect on the building
Shape determined by existing trees
Split level construction to form economic shape
Stepped elevation or similar treatment to blend with the natural environment
Plateau or high ground solution giving dry site conditions on sloping sites
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The Structure – Basic Types
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The Structure – Basic Types
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The Structure – Basic Types
Strut is a structural member which is mainly subjected to compressional forces
Vertical strut usually called a column stanchion or pier
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The Structure – Basic Types
Tie is a structural member which is subjected mainly to tensional forces
Loads are transmitted around arches to the basements
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The Structure – Basic Forms
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The Structure – Basic Forms
SOLID CONSTRUCTION
Structurally limited
Confined usually to buildings of low height and short spans
PANEL OR BOX CONSTRUCTION
Structure consists of a series of interconnected plates forming structural walls and floors
FRAMED OR SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
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The Structure – Basic Forms
TRUSSED STRUCTURE
The basis of a truss is triangulation. The truss must be divided in triangles
One edge of the triangle is in compression while the other two edges are in tension. Thus in a truss there is no bending
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The Structure – Basic Forms
FOLDED PLATE CONSTRUCTION
Flat slab folded so that roof will behave as a beam spanning along fold
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The Structure – Basic Forms
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Shell roofs – these are formed by a structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area
The Structure – Basic Forms
Shell roofs
Translational dome– formed by a curved line moving over another curved line
Barrel vault– cut cylinder giving a single curvature shell
Dome or rotational shell– double curvature shell formed by rotating a plain curved shape about a vertical axis
Pendentive dome– Hemispherical rotational dome supported on pendentives
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CONOID SHELLS
Double curvature shells
The Structure – Basic Forms
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
Double curvature saddle shaped shell
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The Structure – Basic Forms
SPACE DECK
a series of interconnected inverted pyramids
SPACE FRAME
a series of interconnected grids
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19. SPACE FRAME
People consider 3-dimensional space frames as a flat plate with many holes in it
A space frame is a truss that works in two directions. T
it behaves in the same way that the trusses do: the upper chord supports the compression, and the lower chord holds the tension
Space frames can be made using different forms- pyramids and tetrahedrals
Space frames cover very large spans and hence used for big buildings

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The Structure – Basic Forms
TENSION MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Net of cables forming tension membrane
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The Structure – Basic Forms
A structural and weather proof membrane is attached (teflon coated glass fiber)
long spans, or when a light weight structure is required
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The Structure – Basic Forms
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Parts of the Structure
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Parts of the Structure
Substructure
Superstructure
Substructure
All structure below the super structure
All structure below the ground level but including the floor bed
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Parts of the Structure
Super structure
All structure above substructure both internally and externally
All structure below the ground level but including the floor bed
Composed of
Primary elements
Secondary elements
Finishes
Services and fittings
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Parts of the Structure
Super structure
Secondary elements – completion of the structure around and within openings in primary elements
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Parts of the Structure
Super structure
Finish– the final surface which can be self finished as with a trowelled concrete surface or an applied finish such as floor tiles
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