1. Building Construction I
Introduction
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Environment – surroundings which can be natural or man-made or a combination of these
Natural Environment
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Built Environment – created by man with or without the aid of the natural environment
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Built Environment
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Physical considerations of built environment
Natural contours of land
Natural vegetation and trees
Size of land and/or proposed building
Shape of land and/or proposed building
Approach and access roads and foot paths
Building regulations
Services available
Natural waterways, lakes and ponds
Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings
Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land or activities
Proposed future developments
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Natural environment – its effect on the building
Shape determined by existing trees
Split level construction to form economic shape
Stepped elevation or similar treatment to blend with the natural environment
Plateau or high ground solution giving dry site conditions on sloping sites
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The Structure – Basic Types
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The Structure – Basic Types
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The Structure – Basic Types
Strut is a structural member which is mainly subjected to compressional forces
Vertical strut usually called a column stanchion or pier
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The Structure – Basic Types
Tie is a structural member which is subjected mainly to tensional forces
Loads are transmitted around arches to the basements
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The Structure – Basic Forms
SOLID CONSTRUCTION
Structurally limited
Confined usually to buildings of low height and short spans
PANEL OR BOX CONSTRUCTION
Structure consists of a series of interconnected plates forming structural walls and floors
FRAMED OR SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
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The Structure – Basic Forms
FOLDED PLATE CONSTRUCTION
Flat slab folded so that roof will behave as a beam spanning along fold
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Shell roofs – these are formed by a structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area
The Structure – Basic Forms
Shell roofs
Translational dome– formed by a curved line moving over another curved line
Barrel vault– cut cylinder giving a single curvature shell
Dome or rotational shell– double curvature shell formed by rotating a plain curved shape about a vertical axis
Pendentive dome– Hemispherical rotational dome supported on pendentives
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CONOID SHELLS
Double curvature shells
The Structure – Basic Forms
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
Double curvature saddle shaped shell
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The Structure – Basic Forms
SPACE DECK
a series of interconnected inverted pyramids
SPACE FRAME
a series of interconnected grids
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The Structure – Basic Forms
TENSION MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Net of cables forming tension membrane
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PARTS OF A BUILDING
Foundation
Plinth
Basement filling
Ground floor
Internal wall
External wall
Staircase
Lintel
Door
First Floor
Partition wall
Ceiling
Flat roof
Sloping roof
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Section through a wall
Foundation
Hard core (Basement filling)
Plinth
Ground floor
Sill
Window -
Jamb ( vertical wall on both sides of doorway or window opening)
Lintel
Corbel
Ceiling
Upper floor
String course with throating
Frieze (stone cornice below cornice)
Cornice
Blocking course
Terrace
Parapet
DPC under coping
Coping
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