1. Reproduction Strategies Notes
Biology - Ms. Spinale

2. The making of offspring by one or more parents.
Reproduction
The making of offspring by one or more parents.

3. A combination of genetic information from two sources.
Sexual Reproduction
A combination of genetic information from two sources.

4. Higher biological cost (resources and time)
Sexual Reproduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Genetic diversity!
Higher biological cost (resources and time)

5. Sexual Reproduction - Who Does It?
Flowering plants.
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses)
Ferns.
Fungi.
Insects.
Mammals.

6. Sexual Reproduction - Gametes
Gametes - specialized reproductive cells.
Have only half of the genetic information that the other cells have.

7. Sexual Reproduction - Gametes
Ova (singular = ovum) - female.
Sperm - male.

8. Sexual Reproduction - Zygote
When ova and sperm come together during sexual reproduction, the nuclei fuse and form this first cell.
It is the first cell with potential to develop into a new organism.

9. The making of offspring from a single parent.
Asexual Reproduction
The making of offspring from a single parent.
Offspring is identical to parent.
Reproduction without the fusion of gametes (fertilization).

10. Requires less energy and nutritional resources.
Asexual Reproduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Faster.
Requires less energy and nutritional resources.
Reduced genetic variation.

11. Advantages Disadvantages
Asexual Reproduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ability to reproduce without a partner (colonization of isolated habitats)

12. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Budding

13. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation

14. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission

15. Clone - an offspring that is genetically identical to it’s parent.
Cloning
Clone - an offspring that is genetically identical to it’s parent.

16. Cloning - How to Clone
Step 1 - Steal an egg from any female and remove its DNA (you just want the egg).

17. Cloning - How to Clone
Step 2 - Choose the creature you want to clone and remove a somatic cell so you have the DNA (instructions) of how to build that creature.

18. Step 2 continued - Suck the DNA out of the cell.
Cloning - How to Clone
Step 2 continued - Suck the DNA out of the cell.

19. Let it grow for a little while.
Cloning - How to Clone
Step 3 - Inject the DNA of the creature you want to clone into the empty egg.
Let it grow for a little while.

20. Cloning - How to Clone
Step 4 - Implant the egg (with DNA of the creature you want to clone it in) into a female that is able to carry the baby.

21. Cloning - How to Clone
Step 5 - Birth of a clone!

22. The clone will NOT look like the mother that carried the baby.
Cloning - Results
The clone will NOT look like the mother that carried the baby.
The clone witll NOT look like the female you stole the egg from.
The clone WILL look like the creature that you stole the DNA from and wanted to clone.

23. Cloning - Dolly the Sheep
First mammal to be cloned from adult DNA.
Was put down by lethal injection 2/14/2003 (6 years old)
Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis.

24. Cloning - Dolly the Sheep
Most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age.
Postmortem examination indicated that other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal.

25. Reproduction Patterns
Asexual reproduction is a predominant mode among smaller, less complex organisms, although it is also carried out by complex organisms such as plants.
Large body sizes correlate to longer gestation periods.

26. Reproduction Patterns
Plants in open areas produce more seeds than woodland plants.
Some organisms reproduce sexually and asexually.
They may shift from one mode to the other in response to stress.

27. Reproduction Patterns
Generally, the greater likelihood of fertilization, the fewer female gametes are released.
Longer gestation time (and often larger size) correlates with fewer total offspring produced.

28. Reproduction Patterns
Organisms with longer life spans may invest a lower total percentage of their time and energy in reproduction.
Greater parental care usually correlates with fewer offspring.
Sexual reproduction is characterized by two sexes or mating types.