1. Details of… Endoparasites
Laboratory Procedures

2. Remember Endoparasites?

3. Major Classes of Endoparasites
Helminths
______________________
Unicellular Organisms

4. Nematodes
In general are _____________in cross section, longer than they are wide and are _______________________.
Can be in a variety of lengths. (_____________ smaller than ____________________)
Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats
Have varied life cycles

5. Roundworms
Medical Name: Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina
All three of these are common among dogs and cats.
Live in the ____________________
Vary in length from 3 – 18 cm (average ~ 7” in length)

6. Roundworms – cont’d Methods of transmission:
_________________________________

7. Roundworms – cont’d
The eggs of Toxocara spp. can survive on the soil for several years.
(Fresh feces are NOT _________________)
Eggs are ingested and hatch in ____________, penetrate bowel wall, enter _________bloodstream, wander through the __________and end up in the _____________.
They are coughed up and swallowed, molt in _______________and mature in ___________________________.
Entire life cycle can take as little as 4-5 weeks.

8. Toxocara canis ova
Thick rough, braid-like membrane

9. Adult Toxocara canis

11. Toxocara cati
Thinner, smoother membrane.

12. Toxascaris leonina On 10x magnification
Nucleus of ova doesn’t take up as much space. Resembles a “leo” eye

14. Toxocara sp. - Clinical Signs
Heavy infections can produce ________________________________, and ______________of the intestinal tract.
Pulmonary edema, ___________________, nasal discharge, and _______________ respiratory rates may also be seen.
Vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat and restlessness are also often seen.

15. Toxocara Transmission to Humans
Toxocara larvae can cause:
__________________ larval migrans

16. Ocular Larval Migrans

17. Hookworms
Medical name: Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala
Of these, the most commonly seen are: ______________________________
Caninum (dogs) and tubaeforme (cats)

18. Ancylostoma spp. Seen in over ________% of adult dogs
Live in the ________________________
Methods of transmission:
_______________________________

19. Ancylostoma spp.
Growth and maturation process after ingestion is between ____________days.
Female can lay up to 30,000 eggs per day
In environment, there are 3 stages: ______, _______________and ___________. (Takes 5 days)
__________ stage is _____________stage.

20. Ancylostoma - Migration
Once in new host, some will burrow back into ____________to complete maturity
Others may burrow from __________to _______and mature there.
Ascend up ________, cause ___________and are swallowed.
Worm goes back to ____________ to mature.

21. Ancylostoma ova
All ancylostoma ovum look similar and are relatively close in size.

22. Adult Ancylostoma caninum

23. Ancylostoma Clinical Signs
Major CS are associated with ______ loss and ______ irritation.
Weakness, _________, diarrhea, _______ or _________stools, anorexia, depression, and death may also occur.
Larvae may wander into other organs causing secondary signs of ___________ and ______________.

24. Ancylostoma Transmission to Humans
Infective larvae can penetrate the skin causing ________________________________

25. Whipworms Medical name: Trichuris vulpis Trichuris serrata
Trichuris campanula
Of these, most common is ___________________
Vulpis = Canine
Others = Feline and are rare.

26. T. vulpis
Common in _______ and ___________ dogs (not often seen in very young b/c of ____________ period of days)
Rare in __________
Live in _______________(From ____________ through ______________.)
Method of transmission:
Primarily _______________ (direct)
LIVE in intestines from Jejunum-Colon

27. T. vulpis Eggs are passed in the ____________
Eggs are ingested by host and hatch in ________________________.
Larvae migrate _______________, where they mature.

28. T. vulpis – Clinical Signs
Depend on the ______________ of parasites present, but can include:
Intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, and “_________________________”.

29. Trichuris vulpis ova

30. Trichuris vulpis Eggs are double _______________.
(Have 2 opercules, have an opercule on each end)
Makes it easier for _______ to hatch from egg
Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil for up to _______ years.

31. Adult Whipworm

32. Heartworms Medical name: _________________ Vector is _______________
Common in dogs, cats, ________and some __________
Filarid = _________________________
Pseudoheartworm exists that is not pathogenic (________________________________)

33. Dirofilaria v- Acanthocheilonema
Remember that microfilaria are one of the ______________forms of the true and imposter heartworm
Acanthocheilonema are usually _____________
There are 3 main physical differences between the two microfilaria:
_________________

34. Dirofilaria v- Acanthocheilonema
Microfilaria of Dirofilaria:
____________ tail
_____________head
__________________________ movement (no forward mvmt.)
Microfilaria of Acanthocheilonema:
______________________ tail
______________ head
_________________ forward movement

35. Dirofilaria immitis

36. Acanthocheilonema reconditum

37. Dirofilaria immitis
Named “Heartworm” because it lodges in the ________return of the heart; primarily the ______atria & ventricle. Inhibits the flow of blood to and from the heart.
Vector is __________________.
Adults can live _______ - _______ years.
Prepatent period = ____ months

39. D. Immitis – Clinical Signs
Usually _____________________as disease progresses.
_______________weight loss
Loss of _____________.
Coughing
Accumulation of _____________ fluid
________________ breathing
__________________temperature
_________________MM

40. D. Immitis - Diagnosis “SNAP” test Blood smear
Detects the hormone from the adult ________________worm
Blood smear
Looks for ______________ in the blood
Once diagnosed, disease state is ____________ (___________) from 1-4

41. Classes of Heartworm Disease
Class 1 (Mild)   
Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of condition          
Class 2 (Moderate) 
Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate loss of condition 
Class 3 (Severe) 
General loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity; occasional or persistent cough 
Class 4 (Very Severe) _____________ Syndrome
            

43. “___________” of Caval Syndrome

44. 2010 Heartworm disease cases per reporting clinic

45. Cestodes _____________________ (flea tapeworm)
_______________spp. (tapeworm not requiring ____________ as intermediate host.)

46. Dipylidium caninum (Flea tapeworm)
Most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats
Animal becomes infected by ingesting the _________________________, the flea.
Can infect ________________
Indicates presence of _____________
May see ________________ on perianal area or can see _____________________ on fecal flotation.
The asexual process of forming segments is termed ________________________.

51. Dipylidium caninum scolex
From Jessica Derry and Jessie Benson

52. Taenia (Tapeworm)
Found as taenia pisiformis, taenia hydatigena, and taenia ovis.
Acquired by eating cysticerci (______________) in rabbits. (__________________of the host)

53. Trematodes (Flukes)
Platynosomum fastosum (lizard poisoning fluke of cats)
Nanopyetus salmincola (salmon poisoning fluke of dogs)
Alaria (intestinal flukes of dogs and cats)
Fasciola Hepatica (common liver fluke)

54. Platynosomum fastosum (Lizard poisoning fluke of cats)
Adult flukes of cats inhabit the _________, ________________, ________ducts, and _________________.

55. Nanophyetus salmincola (Salmon poisoning fluke)
Vector for Neorickettsia helmintheca, ____________ poisoning disease in dogs.
Called “Elokomin fluke fever”
Causes _________________________ with generalized lymphadenopathy, vomiting, ____________, lethargy, inappetence, fever, and ___________.
Found in Pacific Northwest region of North America

56. Alaria (intestinal flukes)
Found throughout the northern half of North America
Mostly ____________________.
__________ migration may cause some damage
Minor zoonotic potential from _________ stages from intermediate hosts.

58. Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)
Requires an ________________ as an intermediate host.
Has been identified World-wide and is responsible for substantial losses of cattle and sheep.
_____________ stage that migrates to the _________ after ingestion is the infective stage.
Feeds on liver tissue for _________ before migrating to the bile duct where it begins to produce eggs. (Can reproduce ___________)
Mild infection = about ________ eggs produced per day per fluke with one animal depositing about ______________ eggs daily in a pasture.
Is capable of causing disease in humans who _______________________________ growing near snails habitat.
Clinical signs in animals include ________________, and __________________. (_____________is only occasionally seen)

60. Fasciola hepatica Ova

61. Coccidians and Protozoans
Are __________________ celled organisims.
Are generally very __________________.
Typically live in the ___________________ of both dogs and cats.
Rarely a problem in the ______________ animal.

62. Coccidians (Are a type of _________________)
________________ spp.
________________

63. Coccidians – cont’d
Produce a condition called “coccidiosis” in the young animal.
Most common Clinical Sign is diarrhea which can lead to _____________, possibly due to _________________ and other loss of nourishment.
Diagnosed by seeing ___________ in fecal floatation of fresh feces.

64. Eimeria oocyst vs- Cestode ova

65. Isospora spp.

66. Toxoplasma gondii Is _______________
Definitive host is any member of ______________ family
Can cross placental barrier in _____________ and cause spontaneous _______________.

67. __________________: “Super egg” that can remain dormant for a considerable amount of time in the environment until ingested by a host.
__________________: “fast dividers” Are the oocysts that are rapidly dividing and causing infection in the host.
__________________: “slow dividers” Are the oocysts that are semi-dormant in a host that is not the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause chronic infection.

68. Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo)
May cause transient diarrhea in cats
Highly pathogenic to humans, especially fetus in utero

70. Protozoans (Are not necessarily coccidians)
Anaplasma (and other blood parasites)
________________
Are a ________________ protozoan NOT a coccidian
Cause _____________
Occur as __________ or __________________ in fecal floatation
Transmitted primarily by ___________________________, or _______________________________

71. Giardia ______________