1. Enlightenment Ideas spread

2. How did ideas of a “just society” change during the Age of Reason?
Enlightenment thinkers said a just society should ensure justice and happiness for the people.
This was not true of the old system, which was based on divine-right rule and a strict class structure.

3. Many of them felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order
Why did most authorities feel they needed to speak out against Enlightenment ideas?
Many of them felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order
They believed that God had set up the “old order”

4. What did those opposed to Enlightenment ideas do to stop the spread of information?
Many waged a war of censorship (restricting access to ideas and information)
Banned books
Imprisoned writers

5. This allowed them to criticize society in a disguised way
How did philosophes attempt to prevent their works from being banned or destroyed?
Writers like Voltaire and Montesquieu sometimes disguised their ideas as works of fiction
This allowed them to criticize society in a disguised way

6. How did the arts and literature change as Enlightenment ideas spread
How did the arts and literature change as Enlightenment ideas spread? (Include at least 3 ways)
Art moved away from religion and became “lighter, elegant and charming” (Rococo)
Ballet and opera were introduced as new forms of music
Very famous new composers – Mozart, Bach, Handel
Middle class began to pay for concerts to be preformed for them
Novels became more popular and were written in everyday language for all to enjoy

7. An example of Baroque art
Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. Dynamic figures spiral down around a void: draperies blow: a whirl of movement lit in a shaft of light, rendered in a free bravura handling of paint.

8. Baroque architecture
The Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is a very good example of Baroque architecture with its domed roof and curved contours, and is also a fine example of Baroque painting with the shown altar, which portrays a very dramatized painting of Saint Andrew being crucified.

9. Rococo Art Still Life with Glass Flask and Fruit
– Jean-Baptiste Chardin

10. Rococo Art
Autorretrato en el estudio
– Luis Paret y Alcazar

12. Why were the philosophes interested in sharing their beliefs with European rulers?
They hoped to persuade rulers to adopt their ideas and bring reforms to their people

13. What is an Enlightened Despot?
An absolute ruler who used their power to bring about political and social change.

14. During this time, why did change occur slowly for most Europeans?
Most of Europe were peasants and were untouched by the changes in middle-class and upper-class culture.
Peasants lived in small, rural villages where change came about very slowly
Serfdom was still around

15. They might begin to rebel and bring change about themselves
What actions might peasants take as they learn more about ideas such as equality?
They might demand more freedoms and equality with upper and middle-class peoples
They might begin to rebel and bring change about themselves