2. Introductory Background The Youth Physical Activities Promotion Model Method : Participants and Research Design Results/Analysis Conclusion Recommendations References

3. The study investigated the students involvement in sports as part of co-curricular activities inside and outside the school. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) studies on participation of Australian youth in sports and cultural activities (drama/dance), show high non-participation among some sub- groups. South Australian Office for Recreation and Sport (2007) reported 61% urban boys and 70% of urban girls played school based sports. School sports policy differ- some compulsory, others not.

4. The model was originally developed by Welk (1999) who sought to take account of the main contributing factors to sports participation or non-participation. This model is based on personal demographics as they relate to three psycho-social correlates. The first relates is perceived outcomes (is it worth it?) and student-perceived competency (am I able?) both of which are seen to contribute to the predisposing factor. The second concerns family and school support, referred to as the reinforcing factor, while the third which relates to and perceived barriers, is called the enabling factor.

6. Participants: 111 Year 11 students drawn from six Adelaide, co- educational schools ; 70% aged 16; 40% female. Research Design: Students asked to write personal statements about their experiences playing sports, based on open-ended guideline questions; responses analysis thematically.

7. The respondents comments on their reasons for playing, or not playing sport were analysed thematically according to the psycho-social correlates of (YPAP) model.

8. Overall 89 (80%) of the 111 respondents indicated that they played one or more sports; the other 22 (20%) were not involved in any sport. Among the 23 sports named, soccer was the most popular, played by 32 respondents (29%). Australian Rules Football was mentioned by 21 student (19%) and cricket by 7 (6%). The 16 female respondents who said they played netball represented 14% of the total participants, and 36% of the female participants.

9. Schools Sport B N=17 C N=16 H N=25 P N=18 S N=13 Z N=22 Total N=111 % of 111 Soccer85210253229% Australian Rules Football 3362252119% Tennis5345011816% Netball2165021614% Basketball3315031513% Volleyball2623111513% Swimming312202109% Athletics225100109% Cricket10230176% 14 Other Sports 57108053531% Mentions of Sports Played 33314044525179159 Participants Non Participants 17 0 16 0 19 6 18 0 4949 15 7 89 22 80% 20%

10. The analysis of the 89 respondents who participated in sport revealed that: 74 respondents expressed positive family support from their parents for their sports participation (reinforcing factor), although in a few cases parental lack of support or concern about cost and safety acted as non-reinforcing factors.

12. From the predisposing factor perspective, 68 respondents discussed their sports participation in terms of enjoyment, while another 51 respondents indicated fitness and health attracted them to sports participation.

13. Fun/Enjoy Its fun …enjoying myself. Love/Like …I love training and I love get up early to play sport. You get be around people you like…

14. Physical Fitness The fitness components… to stay fit Health Aspect Good activity, helps keep me fit and healthy Being Active …keeping active. Good Feeling Feels good man Relaxation Relax

15. Only six students commented on this factor. They commented on the role of the school, its policy and organization in facilitating their sports participation.

16. For those 22 respondents who did not participate in any sports activities, four indicated that their reasons related to what could be called non-enabling factors of poor fitness and health or financial difficulties. Five mentioned lack of family support (non- reinforcing factor). Seven talked of non-predisposing factors, such as no time, travelling difficulties and bad weather and perceived incompetence.

18. YPAP Model most helpful in pinpointing the negative influences explaining students non- participation E.g. non-enabling non-reinforcing non-predisposing

19. Most important of these factor among the 22 non-participants was the non-predisposing. These appear to reflect in students own personal judgements and discussions.

20. National Junior Sport Policy: A framework for developing junior sport in Australia (1994). Independent Sport Panel. (2009). The future of sport in Australia. School Sport Policy, especially State Schools. State schools sport is not compulsory, need support from school leadership (teachers), family and community.

21. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Childrens participation in cultural and leisure activities, April 2006. Retrieved 04/04/2008 http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/ProductDocumentCollection?Op enAgent&productno=4901.0&issue=Apr%202006 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Children's participation in organised sport: 2000, 2003, 2006. Canberra, Australia. National Junior Sport Working Party. (1994). National Junior Sport Policy: A framework for developing junior sport in Australia. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. Independent Sport Panel. (2009). The future of sport in Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Office for Recreation and Sport. (2007). A profile of youth sport in South Australia: Behaviours and attitudes of primary and secondary students in South Australia. Adelaide: Government of South Australia Welk, G. J. (1999). The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model: A conceptual bridge between theory and practice. Quest, 51, 5-23.