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The persistence of learning over time
MEMORY - CHAPTER 9 The persistence of learning over time
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Memory Basics Information processing – selecting, processing, storing, and retrieving information Encoding – get information in Storage – retaining information for use at another time Retrieval – accessing information after it has been stored
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Storage Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) – 3-stage processing model
Sensory memory – selectively choosing info. to store Short-term memory – temporary working area Working memory (Baddeley, 1998, 2001, 2002) p. 352 Must rehearse to keep it here Long-term memory – relatively permanent storage
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How We Encode – getting ready for storage by giving meaning or association
Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of specific info. Space – where things are located Time - sequencing Frequency – number of times an event occurs Effortful processing becomes automatic w/ practice
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How We Encode – getting ready for storage by giving meaning or association
Effortful processing – encoding requiring conscious effort and attention Rehearsal - repetition of information to be encoded Ebbinghaus – amount remembered depends on time spent learning Next-in-line effect – focus on our response & miss those next to us Consciousness effects retention Serial position effect – remember the first and last items of a list Spacing effect - Rehearsal over time increases retention
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What we encode visual encoding – storing information as images
Encoding meaning visual encoding – storing information as images poorest form of encoding acoustic encoding – storing information as sounds second best way for encoding information Except in rhyming cases semantic encoding – storing information using its meaning best way to encode verbal information self-reference effect - creating personal meaning increases recall
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What we encode Visual encoding imagery improves recall
mnemonic devices – using pictures to store information method of loci peg-words – used to remember lists (1=bun, 2=shoe, 3=tree)
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Organizing Information
Chunking creating smaller/fewer bits of meaningful information Acronyms remember the first letters of important words/phrases Hierarchies creating meaningful categories and subcategories
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