1. SESSION 5: Physical and Environmental Constraints Capacity Constraints in Japan and their implications for Liberalization MORISHIGE Toshiya Director, International Air Transport Division Civil Aviation Bureau, Japan
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

2. Introduction Capacity Constraints Removal of Constraints
Types, major reasons and influence.
Removal of Constraints
Mitigation of Constraint defects
Constraints and Liberalization
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

3. Environmental Constraints
Airport Constraints
Physical Constraints
Airspace Constraints
Capacity Constraints
Environmental Constraints
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

4. Physical Constraints(1)
Airport
Runways
Number of Runways
Physical Conditions (Length, Taxiways, etc.)
Parking Spots
Terminal Buildings
Cargo Facilities
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

5. Narita Airport 11 Residence of Landowner Runway B 2180m
Passenger Terminal 2
Original plan m
Cargo facilities
Runway A 4000m
Passenger Terminal 1
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization 11

6. Physical Constraints(2)
Airspace
Airspace near airport
Complexity of airspace
Neighboring airports
Enroute airspace
Environmental requirements
Oceanic or remote airspace
Lack of effective C/N/S performance
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

7. Complex Airspace Narita Airport Haneda Airport
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

8. Environmental Constraints
Noise
Type of aircraft
Number of operations
Operation procedures (Noise Abatement)
Emission
TV interference
Neighboring residential perception
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

9. Example at Narita airport
Provisional second runway opened (April 2002)
TO/LD capability increased 1.4 times.
Services by 11 new entrants including services from 5 new countries
Almost fully utilized after 9 months.
Expansion of Frequencies and Network has been limited.
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

10. Removal of Constraints (1)
Physical constraints - Airport
Improvements of airport facilities
Runway / Terminal Bldg / Cargo area
New airport constructions
Kansai / Central Japan (2005/03) etc.
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

11. Image of Central Japan (Chubu) International Airport
Runway (3,500m）
Access Road
Access Railway
Passenger Terminal Building
Kansai International
Airport (Phase 2)
Kansai International Airport Master Plan (conceptual drawing)
Airport island of the 1st Phase
Runway B (4,000m）
Runway A（3,500m)
Annex to the Passenger Terminal Building
Satellite
Passenger Terminal Building（phase 1）
Access Taxiway
Access Bridge
Railway Station
Airport island of the 2nd Phase
Image of Central Japan (Chubu) International Airport
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization 5

12. Removal of Constraints (2)
Physical Constraint - Airspace
Restructuring of airspace
Multi-airport approach controls
Coordination between operations
Air Space Management (Civil / Military)
New Air Navigation Facilities
Satellite based technology
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

13. Removal of Constraints (3)
Environmental constraints
Source
Noise / Emission Certificate
Noise abatement procedures / Curfew
Airport facilities
Noise insulation belt / Air Navigation facilities
Surrounding area
Noise proofing of houses
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

14. Introduction of Satellite based Technology
Current System
After the introduction of the satellite
ＭＴＳＡＴ
ＧＰＳ
ＨＦ communication
50～100 NM
30 NM maximum
10 minutes or 15 minutes
80 NM or 120 NM
4 minutes
30NM（initially 50 NM）
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

15. Mitigation of Constraint Defects
Objectives
accommodate traffic demand
ensure adequate market access
ensure transparency
Slots Management
Utilization of less congested airports
Air Traffic Management
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

16. Constraints and Liberalization
Characteristics of Air Transport
Scale economy
Tendency of oligopoly or monopoly
Irreversibility of Business
Less effectiveness of ex-post solutions
Services under constraints
Excessive advantage of carriers with vested rights
Fair competitive environment is crucial.
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

17. Present framework unfettered ordered & gradual Scale economy
Physical constraints
Vested rights
Irreversibility
Toward
Liberalization
unfettered
ordered & gradual
oligopoly or monopoly
loss of services & network
flexibility to the market
adequate participation
balanced development of network
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization

18. Conclusion Variety of Constraints
Unfettered rapid Liberalization – 　Expanding wide variety of network and Consumer Interests hindered
With Constraints,
Ordered and Gradual Liberalization needed
Seminar “Aviation in Transition: Challenge & Opportunities of Liberalization