1. The Skeleton

2. The Human Skeleton Learn major bones and markings on handout.
206 bones of human
skeleton divided into:
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

3. Axial Skeleton
skull and trunk
vertebral column and rib cage

4. Appendicular Skeleton
arms and legs
includes pectoral and pelvic girdles

5. Bone Markings sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment
points of articulation
pathways for blood vessels and nerves
Projections
grow outward
Depressions and Openings
for blood and nerve supply

6. Projections Crest - narrow ridge ilium
Head - bony expansion humerus, ribs
Condyle – rounded lower humerus, mandible
articular projection
Process - lump elbow- olecranon process
Spine - sharp, slender vertebra
pointed

8. Depressions and Openings
Meatus - canal-like auditory
Sinus - air filled cavity paranasal
Fossa - shallow depression iliac
Foramen – round/ oval opening vertebrae
Fissure - slit-like, cleft eye socket

10. How to Identify the Sex of a Skeleton

12. Male and Female Pelvis female modified for childbearing
wider, shallower, lighter, rounder, tilted forward

13. Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton

14. Fontanels
At birth fontanels (still fibrous areas of cranium) accommodate future brain growth.
- “soft spot”
- by age 2 skull is 3/4 adult size
- by age 11 skull is full size and face is starting to grow out

15. Spinal Curvatures 6 months Lift head Cervical curvature develops
Walking
Wight over center of gravity
Develops lumbar curvature
Spinal curve at birth
No curvature

16. Natural Spinal Curvatures

17. Disorders: normal curves become exaggerated
Scoliosis
lateral bend in thoracic region
one leg shorter, congenital, poor posture, muscle paralysis on one side

18. Kyphosis hunch back, “rounded shoulder” exaggeration of thoracic curve
poor posture, degeneration of discs, rickets

19. Lordosis sway back exaggeration of lumbar curve
increase wt. in abdomen, pregnancy, poor posture

20. After birth, legs grow more rapidly than trunk.
With age, all bones lose some mass.