1. Ch 5 Part 2 The Appendicular Skeleton

2. Bones Song #1

3. The Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle

4. The Pectoral Girdle Bones: Scapula Clavicle

5. The Pectoral Girdle Consists of: Not in Notes page
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

6. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone (Both start with C)
It attaches to the arm away from the thorax and helps prevent shoulder dislocation
Scapula – shoulder blade (Both start with S)
Triangular and are commonly called wings
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Shoulder girdle is light and flexible, but very susceptible to dislocation

7. The Clavicle

8. The Clavicles (Not in Notes)
Also called collarbones
Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

9. Processes of the scapula
Acromion Process – enlarged end of the spine and attaches to the clavicle
Coracoid Process – points over the shoulder and anchors some muscles

10. Borders of the Scapula Superior Inferior angle Vertebral (medial)
Axillary (lateral)
Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone

11. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a–b

12. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c–d

13. Scapula (shoulder blade) Video

14. The Upper Limbs Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

15. Bones of the Upper Limb The upper arm is formed by single bone
Humerus (also called arm bone)
Head of the humerus or proximal end fits into the glenoid cavity
The distal end forms a joint with the ulna
Figure 5.21a–b

16. The Humerus

17. The Lower Arm Bones (Forearm): Radius Ulna

18. Bones of the Upper Limb The lower arm (forearm) is formed by 2 bones
Radius – located on the lateral side or thumb side
Ulna – located on the medial side or pinky side
Figure 5.21c

19. Bones of the Upper Limb The hand
Carpals – eight bones arranged in two rows form the carpus, or the wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Each hand consists of 14 phalanges – three in each finger
Making proximal, middle, and distal
The thumb is an exception, it has two, proximal and distal

20. Bones of the Upper Limb
Figure 5.22

21. Bones of the Upper Limb

22. Done with the Upper Limbs 
Now….
WS Pg1-2
Due Tuesday January 21

23. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

24. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Two Hip bones (Coxal Bones)
Composed of three pair
of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone

25. Functions of Pelvic Girdle
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Urinary bladder
Reproductive organs
Part of the large intestine

26. 1. Ilium:
The ilium connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
It is a large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone
If you put your hands on your hips, they are resting on the ilium
The upper edge of the ilium is the iliac crest

27. 2. Ischium
The ischium is the sitdown bone because it forms the inferior part of the coxal bone
The ischial tuberosity is a roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting

28. 3. Pubis: The pubis is the most anterior part of a coxal bone
The pubic bones of each hipbone fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint called the pubic symphysis

29. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
The ilium, ishcium, and pubis fuse at a deep socket called the acetabulum (hip socket)
The acetabulum receives the head of the thigh bone (femur)
The male and female pelvis differs

30. The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a

31. The Pelvis

32. The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
Figure 5.23b

33. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c

34. Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis
smoother
Lighter
Wider
Don’t write: less prominent muscle and ligament attachments

35. Pelvis Modifications for Childbearing
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upwards

36. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Note:
Leg = lower leg
Thigh = upper leg
Figure 5.24a–b

37. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)

38. Femur: Heaviest, strongest bone in the body
The proximal end has a ball-like head, a neck, and greater and lesser trochanters
It has many sites for muscle attachment such as the trochanters and gluteal tuberosity
The head of the femur articulates or moves with the acetabulum of the hip bone in a deep, secure socket
Distally, the femur has lateral and medial condyles that articulate or move with the tibia below

39. The Patella
Also called the kneecap

40. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The lower** leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.24c

41. Tibia:
Larger and more medial (towards the middle of body), Supports body weight
At the proximal end, the medial (inner) and lateral (outer) condyles articulate, or move, with the distal end of the femur forming the knee joint
Patella is the kneecap
The patellar tendon attaches to the tibial tuberosity, a roughened area on the anterior tibial surface
Distally, the medial malleolus is the inner bulge of the ankle

42. Fibula: Lies alongside the tibia is thin and sticklike
The fibula has no part in forming the knee joint
The distal end has the lateral malleolus, forming the outer part of the ankle

43. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Calcaneus (Heel)
Tarsus (ankle)
Metatarsals (sole)
Phalanges (toes)
Figure 5.25

44. Foot
Supports our body weight and serves as a lever that allows us to propel or move our bodies forward when we walk or run
Tarsus makes up the ankle
It is composed of seven tarsal bones
Most weight is carried by two tarsal bones:
Calcaneus or heel bone
Talus (ankle bone) located between the tibia & the calcaneus
Five metatarsals form the sole
Phalanges make up the toes
Each toe has three phalanges, except for the great toe which has two phalanges

45. Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26

46. Feet!

47. Legitimate Bone Video
05 Human Body Skeletal System
7:40-10:10

49. Bones Song! 

50. Animated Bone Song! 

51. Best Video of Bones Ever.