1. Water
Geography of Canada

4. Water, Water Everywhere…
We have tons of water, however…
97% of it is in the oceans
2% of it is locked in glaciers
leaving approximately 1% for all of the land based plants, animals, and 7.5 billion humans to survive on

5. Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs
(106 km³)
Percent
of total
Ocean
1370
97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29
2.05
Groundwater
9.5
0.68
Lakes
0.125
0.01
Soil Moisture
0.065
0.005
Atmosphere
0.013
0.001
Streams & rivers
0.0017
0.0001
Biosphere
0.0006

7. Saltwater Ecosystems
Oceans, seas, and some lakes are examples of saltwater ecosystems.
The amount of salt in each one is not the same.
Plants and animals live in the shallow (not deep) parts because the sun shines more in these areas.

8. Ocean Zones Oceans are the world’s largest ecosystem.
Water is deeper is some places than in others and the water temperature also changes.
The ocean is divided into three zones. The zones are defined by how much sunlight they get.
The deeper the water, the colder and darker it becomes.
Plants and animals can be found in the areas closer to the surface.

9. Ocean Zones (continued)

12. Animals Found in Saltwater Ecosystems
crustaceans
fish
sharks
sponges
penguins
whales

13. Freshwater Ecosystems
These include rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds.
Rivers and streams have moving water. The water may be moving fast or slow.
Lake are usually larger and deeper than ponds.
Just like in the oceans, plants and animals live in the shallow (less deep) parts. The sun shines more in the shallow parts.

14. Animals Found in Freshwater Ecosystems
Grebe
Turtle
Trout
Puffer fish
Otter
Pelican
Bullfrog

15. Are these saltwater or freshwater ecosystems?

16. How Much Water Do You Use?
Town/City
Consumption (litres/person)
Whitby
973
Ajax
968
Oshawa
964
Pickering
950
Newcastle
936
Uxbridge
809
Courtice
736
Bowmanville
732
Orono
609

17. How Much Water Do You Use?

18. Water Facts Almost 9% of Canada’s total area is covered by freshwater
There is enough freshwater on the earth to cover Canada and the US to a depth of 1.8 kilometers
Approximately 60% of Canada’s fresh water drains north while 85% of the population lives along the southern border
Canada holds 20% of the worlds fresh water supply
There are up to chemicals in commercial use worldwide that end up making there way into the water cycle

19. Water Facts Toilets use over 40% more water than needed
Many homes lose more water from leaky taps than they need for cooking and drinking
Less than 3% of the water produced at a large municipal water treatment plant is used for drinking purposes
One out of every three Canadians depend on the Great Lakes for their water

20. California Drought by the Numbers
25% - Amount cities must reduce their water use this year.
38 billion – Amount, in gallons, of water use per day in California
10,000$ - Daily fine amount for water regulators in California who do not conform to cutbacks
18” – Amount that some areas of California have sank due to underground reservoirs being drained. Some areas have sunk by more than 30 feet in 30 years.

21. California Water Shortage

25. Lake Mead, California

26. Drainage Basins of N. America
Arctic Ocean Drainage Basin
Hudson Bay Drainage Basin
Atlantic Ocean Drainage Basin
Pacific Ocean Drainage Basin
Gulf of Mexico Drainage Basin

27. Drainage Basins of N. America
Major Waterway
Region
Pacific Ocean
Fraser, Columbia
West of the Rockies
Arctic Ocean
Mackenzie
The Territories
Hudson Bay
Saskatchewan
The Prairies + Northern Ontario and Quebec
Atlantic Ocean
St. Lawrence
Southern Ontario and Quebec + the Maritimes
Gulf of Mexico
Mississippi
Southeastern U.S.A.

28. Water Misuse in Canada

29. Water Misuse Globally
Inadequate access to safe drinking water by over 1.1 billion people
Groundwater over-drafting leading to diminished agricultural yields
Overuse and pollution of water resources harming biodiversity
Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in warfare.

30. Threats to fresh water resources
Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts and floods.
Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a result of population growth.
Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff.

31. Fresh Water Outlook
Estimated from existing data, some countries are going to experience serious shortage of fresh water supply in the coming 20 years time.
China, India and South Africa and Middle East countries may among the most adversely affected countries.