1. Cultural Influences on Sexual Activity among Latina Adolescents

2. Overview of Presentation
Statement of the problem
Cultural influences on sexual activity
Gaps in the existing literature
Purpose of the proposed study
Proposed methodology
Research questions and hypotheses
Anticipated results and implications

3. Statement of Problem
Latina/o teens are more likely than White teens to have had sex by the age of 13
Latina/o youth comprised 12% of the total teenage population in the U.S., but represented 20% of the AIDS cases among teens in 2001
Latina adolescents are less likely to use any method of contraception during first sexual intercourse than other ethnic groups
Latinas have the highest teenage birth rate of any other ethnic group in the United States
1st Point – Initiating sexual activity before age 15 often results in negative consequences (e.g., less likely to use contraception, more likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection, and more likely to become a teenage parent)
Last point - Teenage pregnancy often leads to negative outcomes for teens (e.g., fewer years of schooling, lower income) and their children (e.g. low-birth-weight, increased risk for the development of behavior problems)
End of slide - From these statistics, it is clear that teenage sexual activity is a problem that has serious consequences particularly for Latina youth. Researchers have examined several cultural variables in hopes of shedding some light on this issue. Some cultural variables that have been examined in the past include assimilation (adherence to White culture), marianismo (Latina gender role), and ethnic identity (sense of belonging and pride related to ethnic group membership)

4. Acculturation
The research suggests that Latina/os who ascribe to the values of White, mainstream culture are more at risk for engaging in risky sexual behaviors than those who ascribe to Latina/o values
(Afable-Munsuz & Brindis, 2006; Ford & Norris, 1993; Jimenez, Potts, & Jimenez, 2002; Kirby; 2002; Upchurch et al., 2001)

5. Marianismo
Research regarding the influence of gender roles on sexual behavior suggests that ascribing to traditional gender roles is negatively related to risky sexual behaviors
(Kaplan, Erickson, & Juarez-Reyes, 2002; Villarruel, Jemmott, Jemmott, & Ronis, 2007)
Specifically for Latina women. Marianismo emphasizes sexual purity and emulating Virgin Mary, which has found to be protective for many Latina women against their engagement in sexual activity and risky sexual behavior practices

6. Ethnic Identity
Although there is a limited amount of research regarding the influence of ethnic identity on the sexual behaviors of Latina/os, the existing research with other ethnic groups suggests that individuals who have a strong ethnic identity are less likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than those who do not have a strong ethnic identity
(Beadnell et al., 2003; Belgrave et al., 2000; Corneille & Belgrave, 2007; Townsend, 2002)
Much of the research that has been done has been with African American women in particular, so more research is needed with Latina women

7. Gaps in the Literature
The influence of gender roles on the relationship between acculturation and sexual activity
Research regarding the influence of ethnic identity on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of Latina adolescents

8. Purpose of Proposed Study
Examine the influences of acculturation, marianismo, and ethnic identity on the sexual behaviors and attitudes of Latina adolescents
Determine whether enculturation, ethnic identity, and/or marianismo will moderate the relationship between assimilation and sexual behavior
Explore how acculturation, marianismo, and ethnic identity influence sexual activity among Latina adolescents

9. Overview of Proposed Methodology
Mixed methodology research has been defined as “the collection or analysis of both quantitative and/or qualitative data in a single study in which the data are collected concurrently or sequentially, are given a priority, and involve the integration of the data at one or more stages in the process of research”
(Creswell, Plano Clark, Gutmann, & Hanson, 2003, p. 212)
Concurrent triangulation research design
Concurrent triangulation means that both the quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analyzed at the same time and are given equal priority
Quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed separately, and during interpretation thought is given to how much the data converge
There are several reasons why this study will utilize a mixed methods approach:
Allow results to be generalized from a sample to a population and provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of inquiry in a single study
Existing research has used quantitative methods alone
The existing literature is sparse and has resulted in conflicting findings about the influence of ethnic identity, acculturation, and gender roles on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of Latina adolescents

10. Overall Research Questions
Research Question 1: What is the relationship between assimilation and sexual activity among Latina adolescents?
Hypothesis 1: Assimilation will be positively associated with sexual activity
Research Question 2: What is the relationship between enculturation and sexual activity among Latina adolescents?
Hypothesis 2: Enculturation will be negatively associated with sexual activity

11. Overall Research Questions
Research Question 3: What is the relationship between ethnic identity and sexual activity?
Hypothesis 3: Ethnic identity will be negatively associated with sexual activity
Research Question 4: What is the relationship between marianismo and sexual activity?
Hypothesis 4: Marianismo will be negatively associated with sexual activity
Research Question 5: What is the relationship between marianismo and assimilation?
Hypothesis 5: Marianismo will be negatively associated with assimilation

12. Overall Research Questions
Research Question 6: Does ethnic identity moderate the relationship between sexual activity and assimilation?
Hypothesis 6: The relationship between sexual activity and assimilation will be weaker for Latina adolescents with high ethnic identity scores than those with low ethnic identity scores

13. Overall Research Questions
Research Question 7: Does marianismo moderate the relationship between sexual activity and assimilation?
Hypothesis 7: The relationship between sexual activity and assimilation will be weaker for Latina adolescents with high marianismo scores than those with low marianismo scores

14. Overall Research Questions
Research Question 8: Does enculturation moderate the relationship between sexual activity and assimilation?
Hypothesis 8: The relationship between sexual activity and assimilation will be weaker for Latina adolescents with high enculturation scores than those with low enculturation scores

15. Quantitative Methodology: Participants
Aged 14 to 18
Latina females
Required to obtain parental consent and provide individual assent to participate in the study
Based on the power analysis with an alpha level of .05 and power of .80, a sample of 187 participants will be included
The participants will be recruited from several settings: a community center, Catholic high schools, a local Mexican cultural festival, other community agencies
4th Point – I completed a power analysis with an alpha level of .05 and power of .80 and a total of 76 participants would be needed to perform a multiple regression. National statistics suggest that 47% of boys and girls in high school are sexually active, so need 162 participants to make sure that at lest 76% of them are sexually active. Based on completion rates of surveys, usable data, etc. I am looking for a sample of 175 participants

16. Quantitative Methodology: Measures
Part of a larger quantitative study
Demographic Questionnaire
Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)
Mexican American Cultural Values Scale (MACVS) - Traditional Gender Roles Subscale
Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (ARMSA-II)
Sexual Activity Questionnaire

17. Quantitative Methodology: Procedure
Approved by the Institutional Review Board of Marquette University in July of 2009
Parental consent and participant assent obtained
Complete the packet of questionnaires
Participants will be given $5.00 as compensation
Participants will be given the option to
sign-up for a focus group to be held at their school or community center
2nd Point - Consent forms in English and Spanish will be sent to the schools to be forwarded to the parents

18. Quantitative Methodology: Data Analysis
Pearson correlation coefficients
Chi-squared tests
Odds ratios
T-tests
Multiple regression
Minimum level of significance will be set at p < .05
Chi-squared tests will be used to compare the observed frequency of responses on the sexual activity variables
Odds ratios will also be used to compare the probability of ever having sex for both the assimilated and unassimilated participants
T-tests will be run to find out whether the assimilated and unassimilated participants differ on the sexual activity variables
Multiple regression will be used to examine the interaction effects of ethnic identity and assimilation and marianismo and assimilation on sexual activity

19. Qualitative Methodology: Participants
Recruited from the same sites as participants for the quantitative portion (with the exception of the Mexican cultural festival) and fit the same demographic criteria
There will be 12 participants in the qualitative portion of the study
2nd Point – There will be 3 focus groups with about 3-4 people in each group.

20. Qualitative Methodology: Research Team
Composed of the principal investigator and several graduate students
Research team members will write and discuss their biases regarding the study before the interviews take place and as the study progresses
Demographic similarity
Last point – research suggests that demographic similarity helps to establish rapport. Although team members do not share same ethnic background with participants, they are all female and some team members are conversational in Spanish and the use of Spanish words and phrases has been found to improve communication and increase rapport

21. Qualitative Methodology: Focus Groups
Conducted face-to-face
The interview protocol will inquire about the experience of being a part of an ethnic group and how ethnic group membership influences sexual attitudes and behaviors
The interview protocol will be piloted with several female adolescents and subsequently revised
Focus groups are one of the most widely used research methods in social sciences and have been used in various basic and applied science disciplines including sociology, education, organizational behavior, program evaluations, psychotherapy, and social psychology
Focus groups are often used in psychology to collect data from groups of individuals who share a common identity
Focus groups often address personal issues, some that even involve life and death

22. Qualitative Methodology: Procedure
Participants will be asked to make up a pseudonym
All of the focus groups will be conducted in English
Will take between 60 and 90 minutes to complete
The focus groups will be audio-taped and later transcribed for data analysis
Given $5.00 as compensation for their participation in the study
Memo writing and auditing (i.e., research team members monitoring one another) will take place throughout the data collection and data analysis processes

23. Qualitative Methodology: Grounded Theory Data Analysis
Grounded theory: open, axial, and selective coding
Expected to result in a theory that is grounded in the data elicited from the focus group participants
Theoretical sampling, new data from continued sampling, will take place throughout the data analysis process
One of the most commonly used qualitative designs in counseling psychology
Allows for theory development to explain phenomena for which no theory exists or the existing theories are inadequate

24. Anticipated Results and Implications
Latina adolescents who are assimilated to White culture will engage in more risky sexual behaviors than those who are not assimilated to White culture
Enculturation, ethnic identity and marianismo will function as protective factors and attenuate the relationship between assimilation and risky sexual activity
Mixed methodology used in the proposed study will triangulate the data
Inform future research, prevention and intervention efforts
1st Point- (e.g., initiation of sexual activity, initiation of sexual activity before age 15, low contraceptive use, high number of sexual partners)
3rd Point - Thus, both the quantitative and qualitative methods will provide data regarding the influence of cultural variables on the sexual activity of Latina adolescents. The quantitative data will provide information about the relationships between the cultural variables and sexual activity and the qualitative data will provide information about the process of how and why these variables influence sexual activity.
Last bullet point - which may have potential benefits for individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole.

25. THANK YOU!!!