1. Groups and Organizations

2. Types of Groups
Primary
Secondary
Reference
Ingroup
Outgroup

3. Primary groups Small, personal, intimate Socialization Social identity
The family
Socialization
Social identity
Provides comfort and security

4. Secondary groups E.g. Microsoft Large, impersonal, formal
Weak emotional ties
Short duration
Lawsuits increase with increasing secondary ties

5. Reference group Point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
Family
Friends
Gang
Professors

6. Ingroups and outgroups
A social group toward which we feel competition or opposition
Lead to unfairly negative views of outgroups

7. General leadership styles
Instrumental
Completing tasks
Expressive
Collective well-being

8. Leadership decision making styles
Authoritarian
Democratic
Collective decisions on egalitarian basis
Laissez-faire
Downplays position of power

9. Solomon Asch Experiment
Comparison of lines
People will compromise their own judgment to avoid being seen as different

10. Milgram’s experiment of authority
People follow both legitimate authority and ordinary individuals

11. “Groupthink” dynamic Groups seek consensus, not opinion differences
As a result, make poor policy choices

12. Formal organizations Normative organizations Coercive organizations
Voluntary organizations - Red Cross
Coercive organizations
Involuntary commitment
Prison or mental hospital
Utilitarian organization
Company - Material benefits (money)

13. Changes in organizations
Creative autonomy
Competitive work teams
Flatter organization