1. Mood Disorders

2. Mood Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
1 major depressive disorder
2 bipolar disorder (formerly manic depressive disorder)

3. Depression
Depression is the number one reason that some people seek mental health services
In any given year, depressive episodes plague 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women
Often a response to past and current loss

4. Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of interest or pleasure

5. Major Depressive Symptoms
Problems regulating appetite
Problems regulating sleep
Low energy
Low self-esteem
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness

6. Major Depressive
JsY

7. Bipolar Disorder
Some people rebound from depression, or sometimes people start with the opposite emotional extreme- the euphoric, hyperactive, wildly optimistic state of mania
Alternating (week to week) from mania and depression is known as bipolar disorder

8. Bipolar Disorder Increased diagnosis from 1994-2003
DSM-5 likely to reduce the number of child/adolescent bipolar diagnoses by classifying disruptive mood dysregulation disorder some of those with emotional volatility
DMDD is characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation.

9. The Manic Phase
People are often typically overtalkative, overactive, elated (though easily irritated), have little need for sleep, and show fewer sexual inhibitions
Find advice irritating
In milder forms, it can fuel creativity (Catherine Zeta Jones, Mark Twain, Virginia Woolf, and Tim Burton)

10. Understanding Mood Disorders
Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression- people are inactive and feel unmotivated , sensitive to negative information, expect negative outcomes
Depression is widespread
Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s

11. Understanding Mood Disorders
Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression

12. Biological Perspective
Mood disorders run in families “postcards from our genes”
Risk of major depression and bipolar disorder increases if you have a parent or sibling with the disorder
Heritability of major depression is at 37% (based on twin studies)

13. Depressed Brain
Disappointment in swimmers (failed Olympic swim events)
Diminished activity during depressed states, more activity during manic states
Major depression- frontal lobes smaller
Hippocampus vulnerable to stress-related damage

14. Depressed Brain Neurotransmitter systems influence mood disorders
Norepinephrine is scarce during depression
Serotonin also being linked (scarce)

15. Mediterranean Diet Veggies, fish, olive oil
Lower risk of developing heart disease, late-life cognitive decline and depression

16. Social Cognitive Perspective
Depression is a whole-body disorder
Research reveals that self-defeating beliefs and a negative explanatory style feed depression’s vicious cycle

17. Learned Helplessness Self-defeating beliefs may arise from this
More common in women than in men
Women respond more easily to stress
Women also tend to overthink issues
Rumination- compulsive fretting, overthinking about our problems and their causes

18. Explanatory Style
Who or what they blame their failures (or credit for their successes)
Stable (going to last forever)
Global (going to affect everything I do)
Internal (it’s all my fault)
Results= depressing sense of hopelessness
More common in the West? Individualism, decline of commitment to religion and family

19. Vicious Cycle 1) Stressful experiences 2) Negative Explanatory Style
3) Depressed Mood
4) Cognitive and Behavioral Changes