1. Tissues & Membranes
Chapter 4

2. Page 51
Tissues
Cells are grouped into kinds of tissues according to their similarities in shape, size, structure, intercellular materials, & function. There are four main types of tissues:
Epithelial tissue – protects the body by covering internal & external surfaces.
Connective tissue – connects organs & tissue.
Muscle tissue – contains cell material that has the ability to contract & move the body.
Nervous tissue – contains cells that react to stimuli & contract an impulse.
Multicellular organisms are composed of different types of cells.
Epithelial tissue in the lining of the small intestine absorbs nutrients. All glands are made of epithelial tissue. The endocrine glands secrete hormones, mucous glands secrete mucous, & the intestinal glands secrete enzymes. Epithelial tissue also excretes sweat. The epithelial tissue is named according to its structure.
Connective tissue allows for movement & provides support for another types of tissue. Connective tissue is classified into subgroups: adipose tissue, areolar tissue, dense fibrous tissue, & support tissue
Nervous tissue controls & coordinates body activities, controls our emotions, & allows us to learn through the memory process. Nervous tissue includes the special senses of sight, taste, touch, smell, & hearing.

3. Epithelial Tissue Pages 51 – 52 Covering & Lining
Squamous epithelial cells – Flat irregularly shaped cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells – Cubed-shaped cells
Columnar epithelial cells – Elongated, nucleus near the bottom of the cell
Glandular or Secretory
Endocrine gland cells – Form ductless glands that secrete substances (hormones)
Exocrine gland cells – Secrete substances directly into ducts

4. Connective Tissue Page 52 Adipose Stores lipid (fat)
Acts as filler tissue
Cushions, supports, and insulates the body
Areolar (Loose)
Semifluid matrix
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells & white blood cells
Fibers: collagen & elastin
Surrounds various organs, skin & subcutaneous layer with adipose tissue

5. Connective Tissue (Cont’d)
Pages 52 – 53
Connective Tissue (Cont’d)
Dense Fibrous
Ligaments
Tendons
Aponeuroses
Fasciae
Supportive
Osseous (bone) tissue – Intracellular matrix contains deposits of mineral salts
Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Ligaments – are strong flexible bands (or cords) that hold bonds firmly together at the joints.
Tendons – are white, glistening bands that attach skeletal muscles to the bones.
Aponeuroses – are flat, wide bands of tissue that hold one muscle to another or to the periosteum (Bone covering)
Fasciae – are fibrous connective tissue sheets that wrap around muscle bundles to hold them in place.
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Hyaline – forms the skeleton of embryo
Fibrocartilage – a strong, flexible, supportive substance found between bones & whenever great strength (& a degree of rigidity) is needed.
Elastic cartilage – the intercellular matrix is embedded with a network of elastic fibers & is firm but flexible

6. Connective Tissue (Cont’d)
Pages 53 – 54
Connective Tissue (Cont’d)
Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue)
Blood – Plasma & cellular components
Lymph – Contains water, glucose, proteins, fats, salts and other tissue components

7. Page 54
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac – striated, involuntary, & only in the walls of the heart
Skeletal – striated & voluntary
Smooth – nonstriated & involuntary

8. Page 54
Nervous Tissue
Neurons found in the brain, spinal cord & nerves
Irritability – ability to respond to environmental changes
Conductivity – ability to carry a nerve impulse

9. Effects of Aging on Tissue
Page 55 SB
Effects of Aging on Tissue
Cells become larger &less able to divide & reproduce
Increase in pigments & lipids inside cells
Waste products accumulate in the tissue
Cell membranes change & carbon dioxide & wastes have difficulty getting out
Lipofusion collects (fatty brown pigment)
Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff
Increased difficulty receiving oxygen & nutrients
Many tissues lose mass & atrophy

10. Membranes Page 55 Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane
Epithelial membranes
mucous or serous depending on the type of secretion produced.

11. Epithelial Membranes Page 55 Mucous membranes – lubricates & protects
Respiratory mucosa – respiratory passages
Gastric mucosa – lines the stomach
Intestinal mucosa – small and large intestine
Serous membranes (parietal & visceral) – Double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid
Pleural membrane – lines the thoracic cavity
Pericardial membrane – lines the heart cavity
Peritoneal membrane – lines the abdominal cavity
Cutaneous membranes (skin) – see Chapter 5

12. Page 55
Figure 4-1

13. Connective Membranes Page 56
Synovial membrane – Two layers of connective tissue
Lines joint cavities – Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

14. Page 56
Organs
An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function
Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism
Organ system = Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function
Example: digestive system

15. Organs Systems Page 58 Table Integumentary – covered in chapter 5
Skeletal – covered in chapter 6
Muscular – covered in chapter 7
Nervous – covered in chapter 8, 9 & 10
Endocrine – covered in chapter 11
Circulatory – covered in chapter 12, 13, 14, &15
Respiratory – covered in chapter 17
Digestive – covered in chapter 18
Excretory – covered in chapter 20
Reproductive – covered in chapter 21

16. Disease & Injury to Tissue
Page 56
Disease & Injury to Tissue
Infection = Invasion of a microorganism causing disease
Inflammation = Results in pain, redness, swelling & loss of motion
Trauma
Abnormal growth of cells
Birth defects

17. Degree of Tissue Repair
Page 58
Degree of Tissue Repair
Repair of damaged tissues occurs continually during the everyday activities of living.
Depending on the type & location of injury, some tissue is quickly repaired.
Muscle tissue heals slowly
Bone tissue repairs are slow because broken bone ends must be kept aligned & immobilized until the repair is done.

18. Tissue Repair Pages 58 – 60 Primary repair
Fluid escapes from the damaged tissue, then dries & seals the wound, forming a protective scab
Secondary repair
Formation of granulation tissue
Bactericidal fluid is secreted that reduces the risk of infection
Scar formation depends on the extent of tissue damage

19. Tissue & Organs Transplant
Page 59 SB
Tissue & Organs Transplant
Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant
All transplants (tissue & organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ
Rejection is the main problem in organ transplants
Major issue: decline in the number of living donor organs available for transplants during the last 5 years. 1 donor can save as many as 8 lives.