1. Italian & German Unification

2. Italy
( )

3. Antiquity: Roman Empire
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Antiquity: Roman Empire

4. Middle Ages: competing city-states
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Middle Ages: competing city-states

5. Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

6. 2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification
Goal:
centralized democratic republic
universal male suffrage
Advocate: Giuseppe Mazzini
FAILED
(too radical)
Mazzini, writer/philosopher/politician

7. 2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification
Goal:
federation
pres. = progressive pope
Advocate: Vincenzo Gioberti
FAILED
(Pope Pius IX opposed)
Gioberti,
Catholic priest

8. 2. 1815-1848: 3 basic approaches to unification
Goal:
union under leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont
Advocate: ???
WINNER!!!
Victor Emmanuel,
King of Sardinia-Piedmont ( )

9. 3. Key Events Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860:
unification of N & S
1866:
Venice added
1870:
Rome added

10. 4a. The Soul: Mazzini ( )
The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”
The Idealist Patriot

11. 4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
Unification of Northern Italy
1850s: strengthen Sardinia :
Quest to get Lombardy-Venetia from Austria!
ally w/ France
goad Austria into war
Franco-Sardinian victory!
France pulls support … separate peace w/ Austria: Italy gets Lombardy only
Cavour resigns
Noble Statesman in
Sardinian Government,

12. 4b. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)
Unification of Northern Italy :
Central Italy to the rescue – demand unification!
1860:
Cavour returns & France re-pledges support
N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)

13. 4c. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Unification of North & South
Red Shirts
1860:
conquer Sicily
plan to invade Papal States  stopped by Cavour
Cavour orders plebiscite  S. states vote to join N
Military Leader

14. 5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?
Government:
Divisions between:
parliamentary monarchy
(Victor Emmanuel)
limited suffrage
social classes (rich/poor)
regions (N/S)

15. Germany
(1871)

16. 1a. Entities: Holy Roman Empire
loose affiliation of ≈300 German states
“First Reich”

17. 1b. Entities: German Confederation
loose affiliation of 39 German states
replaced HRE
purpose: military defense
ineffective federal diet met at Frankfurt under Austrian pres.

18. 1c. Entities: Schleswig-Holstein
mostly German
Holstein = member of German Confederation
ruled by Denmark
1848 & 1864: WARS! Denmark vs. Germany over control of S-H

19. 1d. Entities: Zollverein
German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy
Prussia = leader
included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

20. 2a. People: Frederick William IV
King of Prussia (r )
1848:
new liberal constitution
accepts Prussian-led German unification
1849: tries to be elected emperor of unified Germany
1850: Austria & Russia successfully oppose Prussia’s unification plans

21. 2b. People: William I King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)
1st German Emperor
(r )

22. 2c. People: Otto von Bismarck
1st German Chancellor ( ) … “Iron Chancellor”
Minister-President of Prussia ( )
background: Prussian, Junker, conservative
led German unification

23. 3. 1st unification attempt: 1848 Revolution
Driving forces:
Liberalism: make absolutist Prussia a liberal constitutional monarchy
Nationalism: unite Germany
Events:
Constituent Assembly (Berlin) – liberal constitution for Prussia
National Assembly (Frankfurt) – constitution for unified Germany
Outcome: FAILURE!!!!
Fred Will IV makes conservative constitution for Prussia
Austria opposes unification
Frederick William I, the “Soldiers’ King” (r )

24. 4. Obstacles to German Unification
Denmark
Austria
Conservatism vs. Liberalism in Prussia

25. 4a. Denmark Denmark vs. Prussia & Austria over control of S-H
First Schleswig War (1848) = inconclusive
How obstacle overcome: Second Schleswig War (1864) = Denmark defeated

26. 4b. Austria Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs
Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt
Austria refuses Zollverein membership
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
How obstacle overcome: Prussian victory in Austro-Prussian War

27. 4c. Liberalism vs. Conservatism in Prussia
Liberals: Prussian parliament
Conservatives: William I & Bismarck
Events:
1862: parliament rejects William’s budget
1862: William appoints Bismarck chief minister
: Bismarck rules w/o parliament (“blood & iron”)
1866: indemnity bill
How obstacle overcome: liberals & Bismarck align in common pursuit of unification

28. 5a. Unification: Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Cause:
Prussia wants to control northern German Confederation
war to drive Austria out of German affairs
Outcome:
Prussian victory
Austria withdraws
***creation of North German Confederation***
North German Confederation

29. 5b. Unification: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Cause:
drive south German states to unify with the north
France = common enemy
Outcome:
Prussian victory
***German unification achieved***
 German nationalism
harsh peace for France
German Empire / “Second Reich”
( )

30. 6. What did the new, unified Germany look like?
25 states
parliamentary monarchy
strong national government:
emperor (Kaiser)
chancellor
2-house parliament
Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)