1. The Digestive System and Nutrition15
The Digestive System and Nutrition 1

2. 1. The tongue functions to _____.
add moisture and enzymes to food
grind and crush food
position food for chewing and swallowing
protect the opening of the larynx during swallowing
C. position food for chewing and swallowing

3. 1. The tongue functions to _____.
Answer:
c. position food for chewing and swallowing
Explanation:
The tongue manipulates food so that it is crushed and ground by teeth, mixed with saliva, and easily swallowed. It also positions the food in the back of the mouth for swallowing.

4. 2. Mechanical digestion begins in the _____, and chemical digestion begins in the _____.
stomach; small intestine
mouth; stomach
stomach; mouth
mouth; mouth
D. mouth; mouth

5. 2. Mechanical digestion begins in the _____, and chemical digestion begins in the _____.
Answer:
d. mouth; mouth
Explanation:
The teeth and tongue begin the process of mechanical digestion of ingested food, and digestive enzymes in saliva begin the process of chemical digestion. Both occur in the mouth.

6. 3. Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with what enzyme?
Pepsin
Lipase
Bicarbonate
Amylase
D. Amylase

7. 3. Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with what enzyme?
Answer:
d. Amylase
Explanation:
Salivary amylase is secreted in the saliva and begins starch digestion. Pepsin digests proteins in the stomach. Lipase acts on fats in the small intestine. Bicarbonate is not an enzyme; it functions as a buffer to neutralize the acidity of the chyme leaving the stomach.

8. 4. The substance present in stomach secretions that does the most damage in heartburn is _____.
amylase
pepsin
HCl
dentin
C. HCl

9. 4. The substance present in stomach secretions that does the most damage in heartburn is _____.
Answer:
c. HCl
Explanation:
HCl has a very low pH, which burns the esophagus during reflux.

10. 5. After leaving the stomach, chyme enters the _____.
ileum
duodenum
jejunum
cecum
B. Duodenum

11. 5. After leaving the stomach, chyme enters the _____.
Answer:
b. duodenum
Explanation:
The duodenum is the first region of the small intestine. Chyme passes from the stomach into the duodenum, and then to the jejunum and ileum. The ileum is the last section of small intestine and empties into the cecum of the large intestine.

12. 6. Which of the following gives the correct order of the organs that food passes through in the digestive system?
Esophagus, epiglottis, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Mouth, epiglottis, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine, anus
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
D. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

13. 6. Which of the following gives the correct order of the organs that food passes through in the digestive system?
Answer:
d. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
Explanation:
The other answer choices include structures food does not pass through, like the gallbladder, epiglottis, and liver.

14. 7. The primary function of the stomach is to _____.
break down fats
provide HCl to be used by the small intestine
store, digest, and absorb food nutrients
store and digest food
D. store and digest food

15. 7. The primary function of the stomach is to _____.
Answer:
d. store and digest food
Explanation:
The stomach functions to store food, liquefy food, and initiate chemical digestion of proteins. It does not absorb food or digest fats.

16. 8. Chemical digestion of proteins is confined to which combination of organs in the digestive system?
Mouth and large intestine
Mouth, stomach, and small intestine
Esophagus and small intestine
Stomach and small intestine
D. Stomach and small intestine

17. 8. Chemical digestion of proteins is confined to which combination of organs in the digestive system?
Answer:
d. Stomach and small intestine
Explanation:
Protein digestion begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine.

18. 9. What are the fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine called?
Capillaries
Circular folds
Villi
Lacteals
C. Villi

19. 9. What are the fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine called?
Answer:
c. Villi
Explanation:
Covering the entire lining surface of the small intestine are tiny projections called villi.

20. 10. The primary function of the small intestine is to _____.
digest and absorb nutrients
kill bacteria in the food
maintain constant levels of nutrients in the blood
pass indigestible waste from the body
A. digest and absorb nutrients

21. 10. The primary function of the small intestine is to _____.
Answer:
a. digest and absorb nutrients
Explanation:
The small intestine is the primary site of food digestion and nutrient absorption.

22. 11. What are the complexes of glycerol, fatty acids, and bile salts formed in the lumen of the small intestine called?
Chylomicrons
Micelles
Microvilli
Lacteals
B. Micelles

23. 11. What are the complexes of glycerol, fatty acids, and bile salts formed in the lumen of the small intestine called?
Answer:
b. Micelles
Explanation:
The products of fat digestion, glycerol, and fatty acids combine with bile salts to form micelles. When a micelle contacts an epithelial cell of a villus, the glycerol and fatty acids diffuse into the cell. The epithelial cell reassembles them into triglycerides, and then packages the fats into chylomicrons for transport.

24. 12. What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion?
Absorbs ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis
Adds the enzyme lactase to the digestive process
Completes the breakdown of indigestible food
Produces essential bacteria for one’s health
A. Absorb ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis

25. 12. What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion?
Answer:
a. Absorbs ions, water, and vitamins to maintain homeostasis
Explanation:
The large intestine absorbs water, vitamins, and ions. It also adjusts the consistency of the feces.

26. 13. Without bile, one would be unable to digest _____, completely.
proteins, such as meat and eggs
lipids, found in butter and fried foods
carbohydrates, such as soda pop and pasta
minerals, like calcium and phosphorous
B. lipids, found in butter and fried foods

27. 13. Without bile, one would be unable to digest _____ completely.
Answer:
b. lipids, found in butter and fried foods
Explanation:
Bile emulsifies fat, aiding in its complete digestion.

28. 14. Which of the following hormones functions to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Secretin
A. Cholecystokinin

29. 14. Which of the following hormones functions to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
Answer:
a. Cholecystokinin
Explanation:
Cholecystokinin causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile.

30. 15. Blood flows from the small intestine to the liver through the _____, then from the liver to the inferior vena cava through the _____.
aorta; hepatic artery
hepatic artery; hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein; hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein
D. hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein

31. 15. Blood flows from the small intestine to the liver through the _____, then from the liver to the inferior vena cava through the _____.
Answer:
d. hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein
Explanation:
Blood leaves the small intestine in veins that drain into the hepatic portal vein, which leads to the liver. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic vein, which drains into the inferior vena cava.

32. 16. Which intake of fats should be avoided or limited?
Trans fat
Saturated and Polysaturated fat
Unsaturated and Polyunsaturated fat
A and B
A and C
D. A and B

33. 16. Which intake of fats should be avoided or limited?
Answer:
d. A and B
Explanation:
We should reduce the amount of saturated fat (fat that is solid at room temperature) and trans fats in our diet in favor of unsaturated fats or oils (fats that are liquid at room temperature) and omega-3 and omega-6 fats.

34. 17. What does BMR stand for? Body Mass Rate Basal Metabolic Rate
Best Metabolic Rate
Best Meal Ratio
Body Mass Relation
B. Basal Metabolic Rate

35. 17. What does BMR stand for? Answer: b. Basal Metabolic Rate
Explanation:
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal energy needed to keep an awake, resting person alive.

36. 18. Which of the following are eating disorders?
Bulimia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa
Obesity
All of the above
A and B only
D. All of the above

37. 18. Which of the following are eating disorders?
Answer:
d. All of the above
Explanation:
Obesity is an eating disorder with excessive food intake. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is a form of self-starvation, and bulimia is a disorder in which a person consumes a huge amount of food and then purges it from the body.