1. 13 The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

2. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1
Nutrition

3. Nutrition
energy
macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals

4. Energy=The ability of a system to do work Heat, Chemical, Kinetic, Potential
measuring the body’s energy use
Usually about the capacity to produce heat
Calories (C)
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1Kg of H20 by 1 degree C
kilocalories
Metabolism- sum of the activities that keep you alive
basal metabolic rate
energy required for one day at rest ( in C)
varies by individual ( age, gender, height, BMI, fat %
EX: a 150 pound adult with 25% body fat has a BMR of 1500 C per day
We require 20-70% more calories than BMR based on activity level
Moderately active M need , F need 2000
Highly active M need 3200, F need 2400
Sedentary?

5. Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals
substances needed for
energy
growth
maintenance
Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com

6. Nutrients Macronutrients Micronutrients carbohydrates proteins
fats (lipids)
Micronutrients
vitamins
Organic compounds needed to regulate processes
minerals
Elements like Ca and Fe required to maintain good health

7. Carbohydrates sugars starches 1 gram supplies 4 Calories
one half of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates
No More than 25% of that should be from sugars

8. Proteins made of amino acids (20) essential amino acids (9)
must be part of diet
nonessential amino acids
body can make (12)
one gram supplies 4 Calories
one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins
Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock.com

9. Fats Lipids- oils and fats
saturated fats- animal products, coconut and palm oil
Unsaturated- plant based
monounsaturated fats- canola and olive oil
polyunsaturated fats- corn/ soybean oils
trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)- artificially produced

10. Fats one gram supplies 9 Calories
minimize trans and saturated fat intake
Replace with monounsaturated fats
less than 25–35% of total calories from fat

11. Vitamins chemicals needed for proper metabolism types of vitamins
fat-soluble
may be stored in the adipose tissue
Not excreted- too much can be toxic
water-soluble
are not stored in the body
Are excreted in urine (color)
Coenzymes with protein- see pg 457
vitamin deficiency- long term lack

12. Minerals elements needed for proper body function examples
AMOUNTS VARY BY MINERAL
examples
Calcium- bone
Potassium- heart/ muscles
Iron- oxygen transport
Phosphorus- bone
Sodium- 1000/1500/3400

13. Water-Soluble Vitamins

14. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

15. Minerals

16. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.2
Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

17. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
activities of digestion
layers of the alimentary canal
digestive organs and their functions

18. Activities of Digestion
(1) ingestion
getting food into the body
(2) propulsion
moving food along GI tract
(3) mechanical breakdown
breaks food into smaller pieces
increases surface area of food
(4) chemical breakdown
also known as digestion
enzymes
(5) absorption
digested food particles moved into blood
(6) defecation

19. Layers of the Alimentary Canal
mucosa
innermost layer
adjacent to lumen
submucosa
below mucosa
muscularis externa
circular muscle
longitudinal muscle
serosa
outermost layer
peritoneum
visceral
parietal

20. Layers of the Alimentary Canal

21. Digestive Organs and Their Functions
the oral cavity
the nasal cavity
teeth and gums
salivary glands
pharynx
Esophagus
stomach
small intestine
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine
rectum, anal canal, and anus

22. Digestive Organs and Their Functions

23. The Oral Cavity
lips
tongue
cheeks
palate
hard
soft

24. The Nasal Cavity passageway for air uvula hangs from soft palate
keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing

25. Teeth and Gums gum teeth gingiva deciduous permanent incisor canine
molar

26. Anatomy of the Tooth

27. Salivary Glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
saliva
water
enzymes

28. Pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
glottis
epiglottis

29. Esophagus connects pharynx to stomach peristalsis
muscle contraction changes size of tube
food is moved through GI tract

30. Stomach regions three layers of muscle cardia fundus body
pyloric region
three layers of muscle

31. Lining of the Stomach gastric gland protein-digesting enzymes
mucus-secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
protein-digesting enzymes
chyme formation
stomach contractions

32. Small Intestine segments lining duodenum jejunum ileum villi
intestinal crypts

33. Small Intestine chemical breakdown absorption into the blood
emulsification by bile
break down by enzymes
absorption into the blood
from capillaries to the blood
lacteal to lymph
vitamin B12

34. The Liver functions of the liver hepatic portal vein
maintains nutrients in blood, converts one nutrient to another
stores nutrients and inactivates toxins
hepatic portal vein
parts of the liver
lobules
hepatocytes
blood vessels
bile canaliculi
bile salts
functions of the gallbladder
stores bile produced by liver
releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

35. Liver and Gallbladder

36. Pancreas pancreatic juices glucose regulation
contain digestive enzymes
glucose regulation
beta cells–insulin
alpha cells–glucagon

37. Large Intestine regions cecum colon ascending transverse descending
sigmoid

38. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
sphincters
internal
external

39. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.3
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

40. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gingivitis and periodontal disease
plaque forms tarter
cardiovascular disease
gastroesophageal reflux disease
heartburn
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori

41. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach or intestine
inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammation
ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
constipation and diarrhea
infrequent or too frequent defecation

42. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
gallstones
bile forms crystals
cholecystectomy
cancer
digestive system cancers are common
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43. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________.