1. Evidence for Evolution

2. What is evolution?
Common Ancestry

3. Deinonychus is Greek for "terrible claw..."

4. Microevolution
is the occurrence of small-scale changes in a population. Ex: Different breed of dogs.
Change within a species in a population

5. Macroevolution
is evolution on a grand scale— large evolutionary changes. Ex- from chimp to man.
Mass extinction and creation of a new species

6. Darwin’s Finch Micro or Macro?

7. Evidence supporting Evolution
Fossil record
shows change over time
Anatomical record
comparing body structures
homology & vestigial structures
embryology & development
Molecular record
comparing protein & DNA sequences
*Best

8. Fossil Evidence
Traces or remains of dead organisms that lived long ago
Sedimentary rocks contains the most fossils. It is formed from mud, sand, silt, and other particles
First the animal needs to die and be buried under the mud or silt so it can’t be broken down the animal. Over time the minerals in the mud and silt will replace the tissue of the animal and will later reveal a mold or cast of the long dead organisms

9. Law of Superposition ANSWER:WE GO BACK IN TIME!!!
What happens as we dig deeper into this layer of sedimentary rock?

10. Evolved from earlier forms
Shows a relationship-
Evolved from earlier forms

11. Homologous Structures
Anatomical Record
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Structures
Embryology

12. Homologous structures may have different function, but will definitively have the same structure from a common ancestor.
SAME BONES

13. Carpals
Metacarpals
Humerus
Radius
Ulna

14. The structural similarities between the flippers of whales and the arms of humans are used to show that the
a. human species began life in the oceans
human species and whales have a common
ancestry
c. whales are older than the human species
d. whales evolved from the human species

15. Different structure- same function and not from a common ancestor.
Analogous structures or convergent evolution.
This means that different animals with an same adaptation (e.g. birds with wings and moths with wings.)
Different structure- same function and not from a common ancestor.

17. But don’t be fooled by these…
Analogous structures
look similar
on the outside
same function
different structure & development
on the inside
different origin
no evolutionary relationship

18. Analogous structures Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate
both adapted to life in the sea
not closely related
Watch the tail!

19. Divergent & Convergent Evolution

20. Sometimes organisms evolve similar traits because of similar environments. An example would be a shark and a dolphin. Both have streamlined bodies and are carnivores but they do not share a common ancestor and are not related. This type of evolution is referred to as......
A. Convergent Evolution
B. Divergent Evolution
C. Adapted Radiation
D. Punctuated Equilibrium

21. The two cactus below are from two different continents
The two cactus below are from two different continents. Their climates are the same, they are structurally similar, even though they are not closely related.
Which form of evolution do they show.
Divergent
Convergent
Conclusive
Vestigial

22. Two species of finches from the Galapagos Islands are shown
Two species of finches from the Galapagos Islands are shown. These two finches share a common ancestor from South America.
What is the most likely way that one ancestral finch species will develop into two distinct species?
a. The ancestral species mated with other species
and the offspring resulted in two new species.
b. The ancestral species was genetically engineered
to become two new species.
c. Groups of the ancestral species became isolated
and adapted to different environments.
d. Two individual birds acquired many spontaneous
mutations.
Speciation

23. Vestigial organs structure—a body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.
Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?

25. The appendix a shrunken remain of the cecum that can be found in herbivore.
Refuted the idea the appendix is a housing complex that for mutualistic bacteria that aid in digestion for many species including humans.

26. Comparative embryology
Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story
similar structures during development
all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

27. Embryology

28. The chart below shows vertebrate embryo development
The chart below shows vertebrate embryo development. Which of these would be least related to the others?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

29. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure
everyone uses the same genetic code!
DNA 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Lamprey
Frog
Bird
Dog
Macaque
Human 32 8 45 67
125
compare common genes
compare common proteins
number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

30. A scientist wants to determine how closely Tibetan antelopes are related to North American antelopes.
Which of these would be most accurate to compare?
a. their niches
b. their DNA sequences
c. their physical characteristics
d. their behavioral characteristics

31. Darwin’s theory of evolution was criticized fiercely during his time
Darwin’s theory of evolution was criticized fiercely during his time. Modern scientists now accept the theory while they still debate many of its details. Though a theory cannot be “proven,” significant evidence can be used to support it.
What kind of evidence has led biologists to accept modern
evolutionary theory?
A. comparing the sequence of DNA base pairs of different species
B. comparing different literary accounts of the origin of life on Earth
C. comparing the anatomies of purebred pets and other domesticated species
D. comparing Darwin’s knowledge with that of modern evolutionary scientists

32. When Darwin first proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection, the field of genetics did not yet exist. In what way does genetic science now contribute to the study of evolution?
A. Scientists can create organisms that were extinct using DNA from fossils and better understand how they evolved.
B. Scientists can use genetic engineering to carry out the process of evolution over just months instead of millions of years.
C. Scientists can compare the DNA from fossils in rock to determine evolutionary relationships among extinct species.
D. Scientists can determine evolutionary relationships among living species by comparing amino acid sequences coded for by DNA.

33. “Evidence for Evolution” ______________ _______________.
In the activity, Evidence of Evolution- the purpose of the activity was to identify various forms of evidence that provide ____________ for the ___________ of evolution. __________ from the past along with anatomical structures such as; ___________________ (same structure /different function) and ________________ (different structure / same function), _______________structures, (with no known function) provide support for the theory. _________________ along with the newest and most accurate form of evidence Molecular biology, ( _  _  _ comparison) have all supported the idea of
______________ _______________.
Homologous, Vestigial, Support , Analogous , Common Ancestry , Fossils, DNA, Embryology, theory

34. Building “family” trees
Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

37. Gradualism VS Punctured Equilibrium
Small changes in evolution over time.
Small changes occur gradually.
Small changes can add up to result in large changes .
Punctured Equilibrium:
Long time with no change and then a sudden large change in a short amount of time.
Both supported by fossil records

39. Common Ancestor

40. Change Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVA93uCErPE
Evolution of Dance
Change Song

41. Darwin finches migrated to the islands they inhabit
Darwin finches migrated to the islands they inhabit. This is an example of genetic drift ( founders effect) They were small populations. There were also many available niches and resources. Since they were a small population, genetic changes spread more quickly. Darwin noticed that they were adaptations fit their niches specifically. The term used to describe this is....
A. Convergent Evolution
B. Divergent Evolution
C. Adaptive Radiation
D. Gradualism
FOOD