1. Brief Response
During British colonial rule of India, how did most British people view Indian culture? How do you think this attitude influenced British treatment of India? Give two examples to support your answer.
Most British dismissed Indian culture as inferior.
This was probably the basis for the British policy of trying to replace Indian culture with Western culture.
exploiting the Indians with unequal partnerships.
policies were really designed to benefit the British economy,
The British took India’s natural resources.
Britain flooded the Indian market with inexpensive, machine-made textiles, ruining India’s hand-weaving industry.
The British emphasis on growing cash crops resulted in famines in India.
Lack of respect for Indian culture also led to the Sepoy Rebellion and other unrest.

2. Imperialist Methods:
What were the two ways that Imperialists administrated their possessions? Describe each.
Answers: (4)
Direct Rule:
Possession run by Europeans only, not indigenous people were part of the administration.
Indirect Rule:
Possession supervised by Europeans, but indigenous people were part of the administration.

3. China 中國
p. 309

4. Why China? China’s great civilization had lasted 5000 years.
They had all they needed and controlled many of their neighbors
Periodically, rebellions changed the governments, but the culture continued.
China resisted allowing foreigners in its borders.
Britain needed trade and implored the imperial government.
China refused to buy British goods.
A war erupted and Britain won.
It was too big for Great Britain to control, so it only took the economically strong parts of China.
Spheres of influence
Other Europeans did the same thing with what Britain did not take.

5. Balance of trade:
the difference in trade from a country (exports sold/money in) and to it (imports bought/money out).
Until the 20th century gold and silver only were used.

6. Trade
Trade surplus:
a country exports more goods to, and takes in more money from, its trade partner.
Trade deficit:
a country imports more goods from, and takes in less money from, its trade partner.
EC: Why did we learn these two terms? (2)
Britain bought more Chinese goods than China bought British goods, causing Britain’s treasury to grow dangerously small.

7. Political cartoon What are the two countries represented in the image?
Left:
Right:
What is the man in the front middle with the white hair doing?
Do you think the image favors the men on the left or the right? Explain.
How does this cartoon show how important the country on the left is to the country on the right? (2)

8. Political cartoon What are the two countries represented in the image?
Left:
China
Right:
Great Britain
What is the man in the front middle with the white hair doing?
He is on his knees handing a letter to the Chinese man.
Do you think the image favors the men on the left or the right? Explain.
It favors the British who look polite and even are begging on their knees, while he Chinese look arrogant and uncooperative.
How does this cartoon show how important trade with the country on the left is to the country on the right? (2)
The fact that the British are on their knees, offering gifts, and seem to be begging says that trade with China is very important to Great Britain.

9. Trade and Suspicion
China initially greeted the Spanish and Portuguese in the 1500s
The Chinese did not like foreigners, but made much profit.
Chinese suspected all Europeans,
Canton Laws:
did not allow them past their ports.
Forbid foreigners to mix with Chinese
Forbid foreigners to learn Chinese language.
Did not allow them to stay in China (harbors)

10. China in Danger
Britain discovered that a product in its Indian colony was highly desired in China:
opium.
Soon Britain had recovered much of its treasury.
However, the drug’s abuse was crippling Chinese society and its economy.

11. China in Danger
The emperor, appointed _____________ to stop the opium trade.
Lin Zexu (image in text)
He did the following…. (3)
banned opium sales.
arrested Chinese and British merchants.
confiscated and destroyed much opium.

12. Opium War:
A small British naval force invaded the Chinese coast.
The large, outdated Chinese fleet and forts were decimated by British gunboats,
including the first steam-powered, ironclad vessel, HMS Nemesis.
British troops soon marched on Nanking (Nanqing).
There, the Chinese government sued for peace.

13. the Treaty of Nanking (1842)
Indemnity:
payment a war’s loser must make to cover the cost of a war to the winner.
China would be forced to pay 21 million pounds (today about $2.4 billion) in reparation to Britain.
Extraterritoriality:
foreigners are not under the laws of the country they are visiting, but under their own country’s laws and courts.
Europeans breaking a law in China were to be arrested and dealt with by their own authorities, not the Chinese.

14. the Treaty of Nanking (1842)
Britain would have exclusive trade control of six Chinese ports:
Canton,
Amoy,
Foochowfoo,
Ningpo,
Shanghai,
Hong Kong
Missionaries would be allowed to live and work in China.
Video: CNN, Opium War

15. More Invasions
Soon, others Imperialists would gain similar, but lesser parts of China (spheres of influence). They used the same unfair treaties. Who were they?
France,
Russia,
Germany,
Italy,
Japan,
and the United States

16. Taiping Rebellion:
Popular revolt against the Qing government, in 1850.
Hong Xiuquan, began a war for independence in southeast China.
Raised by Christian missionaries in southern China,
Claimed to be a relative of Jesus Christ,
he drew a large following of peasant men and women.

17. Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan’s goals included: (3)
The end of Qing rule in China
Equality for all men and women
Prosperity for all (wealth was taken from the rich and shared equally)

18. Rebel Hopes Crushed
After 14 years, the Taiping Rebellion was defeated.
It cost an estimated _______________ lives.
20-30 million

19. By the 1800s, the Qing Dynasty, China’s rulers, was weakening: Why? (7)
Corruption
Tax evasion by the rich
Opium addiction
Defeats to European invaders
Decaying infrastructure (canals, dikes, roads)
Natural disasters
Exploding population facing starvation

20. Sino-Japanese War: grey
1894, a smaller Westernized Japanese military defeated China.
Japan took
the island of Formosa (Taiwan),
part of Korea,
Japan gained more access into China.

21. Open Door Policy:
1899, US Secretary of State, John Hay’s, proposal that all foreign powers should have equal, free access to each other’s spheres of influence and Chinese-controlled ports.
The Imperialists agreed,
China was not asked its opinion.

22. Guang Xu: grey
Emperor of China who attempted to modernize it, in 1898.
Began what is called the “Hundred Days of Reform”.
He began westernization
In his fourth month, the Empress Dowager, Ci Xi, had him arrested, and,
it is believed, she had him poisoned.
She still opposed Westernization.

23. Drive out the Foreign Devils
Ci Xi hated the “foreign devils” (Europeans, Japanese, and Americans), An opportunity arose around 1899 to drive them out:
Boxer Uprising:
a popular Chinese uprising against foreigners,
led by the men of the “Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists”
based on Wushu and Guang Hu fighting style).

24. Imperial Troops defeat the Boxers and Chinese anti-ImperialistsUK
(Indian soldiers (Indian music), bagpipes) US
(music: “Semper Fidelis”, “Yankee Doodle”; “cowboy” hats)
Germany
(strong military music, grey unif)
Italy
(bugles, running, black feathers, rifles at waist, Italian-like music)
Russia
(Bass/tenor male harmony chorus)
France
(no idea, just know)
Japan
(music: “Kimi Ga Yo”; bow)

25. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen):
Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Movement (中國國民黨).
He was Western educated
His earlier Revolutionary Alliance promoted the “Three Principles of the People”: (EC 3)
Nationalism, “China for Chinese!”
eventually ending foreign control
Representative government
Economic security for every Chinese

26. These new, Western-educated Chinese groups began to demand rights.
By 1910, China would have a constitutional monarchy.
by 1912, Qing Emperor Pu Yi was deposed, and the Republic of China was proclaimed by Sun Yixian’s Nationalist Party.

27. A population of over 300 million people Foreign control of the economy
EC: The new Republic of China of the early 20th century would have titanic problems to deal with: (5)
A population of over 300 million people
(Today 1.1 billion)
Foreign control of the economy
Warlord control of remote regions
Famine and starvation
Corruption

28. EC: Resistance What people led resistance movements against imperialism and where? (16)
Wahabbi: Arabia
Mahdi/Muslim rebels: Sudan (North Africa)
Young Turks: Turkey
Muslim rebels: Egypt (North Africa)
Zulu: Southern Africa
Shona: Zimbabwe (east Africa)
Asante: West Africa
Hausa: West Africa
Algerians: North Africa
Ethiopians: East Africa
Gandhi: South Africa
Sepoy: India
Hong Xiuquan: China
Boxers: China
Sun Yixian: China
Ram Mohun Roy: India
Armenian: Ottoman Empire

29. Hwk

30. Standards Check, p. 310 Question: The British introduced opium;
when the Chinese tried to stop the opium trade, the British responded with troops and gunboats.

31. Thinking Critically, p 311 Questions 1
Living conditions for peasants worsened, causing them to finally rise up under Hong Xuiquan’s leadership 2
Areas of southeastern China

32. Standards Check, p. 311 Question: Years of turmoil,
power given to regional leaders,
weakened the Qing dynasty
made China vulnerable to European encroachment

33. Standards Check, p. 312 Question: Reformers tried to
Modernize, incorporate Western technology
Build industry
Streamline government

34. Image, 312
Question:
Because they ignored Chinese laws and customs

35. Biography, 313
Question
It gave him access to ideas that he may not have had if he had only been raised in Chinese culture.

36. Standards Check, p. 313
The Boxer Rebellion led to faster Chinese Westernization
Increased Chinese nationalism
Caused the toppling of the weak emperor and the Qing Dynasty.

37. Brief Response
What made China so weak that a small power like Britain could take control of its trade?