1. Figure Two surfaces S1 and S2 near the plate of a capacitor are bounded by the same path P. The conduction current in the wire passes only through S1. This leads to a contradiction in Ampère’s law that is resolved only if one postulates a displacement current through S2.

2. Figure Because it exists only in the wires attached to the capacitor plates, the conduction current I dq/dt passes through S1 but not through S2. Only the displacement current Id 0dE/dt passes through S2. The two currents must be equal for continuity.

3. Figure 34.2 An electromagnetic wave traveling at velocity c in the positive x direction. The electric field is along the y direction, and the magnetic field is along the z direction. These fields depend only on x and t.

4. Active Figure 34.3 Representation of a sinusoidal, linearly polarized plane electromagnetic wave moving in the positive x direction with velocity c. (a) The wave at some instant. Note the sinusoidal variations of E and B with x. (b) A time sequence (starting at the upper left) illustrating the electric and magnetic field vectors at a fixed point in the yz plane, as seen by an observer looking in the negative x direction. The variations of E and B with t are sinusoidal.

5. Figure 34.5 At an instant when a plane wave moving in the x direction passes through a rectangular path of width dx lying in the xy plane, the electric field in the y direction varies from E to E + dE. This spatial variation in E gives rise to a time-varying magnetic field along the z direction, according to Equation 34.6.

6. Figure 34.6 At an instant when a plane wave passes through a rectangular path of width dx lying in the xz plane, the magnetic field in the z direction varies from B to B + dB. This spatial variation in B gives rise to a time-varying electric field along the y direction, according to Equation 34.7.

7. Active Figure Energy transfer in a resistanceless, nonradiating LC circuit. The capacitor has a charge Qmax at t = 0, the instant at which the switch is closed. The mechanical analog of this circuit is a block–spring system.

8. Figure 34.1 Schematic diagram of Hertz’s apparatus for generating and detecting electromagnetic waves. The transmitter consists of two spherical electrodes connected to an induction coil, which provides short voltage surges to the spheres, setting up oscillations in the discharge between the electrodes. The receiver is a nearby loop of wire containing a second spark gap.

9. Figure 34.7 The Poynting vector S for a plane electromagnetic wave is along the direction of wave propagation.

10. Figure 34. 12 The electromagnetic spectrum
Figure The electromagnetic spectrum. Note the overlap between adjacent wave types. The expanded view to the right shows details of the visible spectrum.

11. Active Figure Two polarizing sheets whose transmission axes make an angle q with each other. Only a fraction of the polarized light incident on the analyzer is transmitted through it.

12. Figure The intensity of light transmitted through two polarizers depends on the relative orientation of their transmission axes. (a) The transmitted light has maximum intensity when the transmission axes are aligned with each other. (b) The transmitted light has lesser intensity when the transmission axes are at an angle of 45with each other. (c) The transmitted light intensity is a minimum when the transmission axes are perpendicular to each other.

13. Figure (a) When unpolarized light is incident on a reflecting surface, the reflected and refracted beams are partially polarized. (b) The reflected beam is completely polarized when the angle of incidence equals the polarizing angle qp, which satisfies the equation n tan qp. At this incident angle, the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other.