2. Starter Describe characteristics of…. Secure attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-resistant attachment

3. What are the key terms? Insecure resistant Securley attached
Insecure avoidant
Keen to explore
High stranger anxiety,
Enthusiastc to retunr to care giver
Carevier sensitive to infants needs
Unwilling to explore
High stranger anxiety
Reject upon reunion
Caregiver mixed feelings to infants needs and behaviours
Willing to explore
Low stranger anxiety
Unconcerned with separation
Caregiver no interest to infant needs

4. According to Bowlby, attachments are adaptive
Do you agree?
Other than food, do attachments have an evolutionary advantage?
Help us survive!

5. Belsky (1999) suggests… YES!
Insecure attachment types are associated with early sexual activity and weak adult relationships
While these may appear undesirable, they are useful in certain situations
For example; After plague or famine
Reproduce young
No emotional attachment with those who may die young

6. Behaviours which help you survive will dominate

7. If Bowlby is correct that attachments have an evolutionary advantage, patterns of attachment should be similar across cultures
Regardless of cultural differences in values and child rearing styles

8. Cultural variation
Refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world
Can you think of any?

9. Two main types of cultures
Individualist cultures 
Value independence, working to their own individual goals e.g. USA and Europe (Western Cultures)

10. Two main types of cultures
Collectivist cultures 
Value cooperation, working towards the family or group goals e.g. Japan and Israel (Eastern Cultures)

11. Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)
Wanted to look at attachment styles and culture

12. Aim:
To investigate the types of attachment across cultures and to see how the three main attachment styles applied
To investigate if attachment styles are the same across cultures or culturally specific

13. Procedure Did not conduct their own study
They conducted a meta-analysis
Analysed data from other studies
32 studies using Strange Situation across 8 different countries

14. Calculated average percentage for different attachment styles in each country
Can you see any trends??

15. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found:
Secure attachment was most common across all cultures
What does this tell us?
Attachment styles may have evolutionary advantage as regardless of culture it dominates
Lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in China
Highest in Great Britain

16. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found:
Rates of insecure-resistant were similar to Ainsworth study (all under 14%) in individualist culture
However, not for collectivist cultures (China, Japan and Israel rates were above 25%)
Suggests cultural differences

17. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found:
Germany have high levels of anxious avoidant
In Germany this style is associated with independence… cultural influence

18. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg found:
Differences found between samples from one country
In one US sample, there was 94% insecure- avoidant attachments, whereas in another US sample there was 47%

19. What conclusions can be drawn?
There are similarities across cultures
There are more differences within cultures (intra-cultural) than between different cultrues (inter-cultural)

20. Evaluation
Large sample of nearly 200 babies and primary attachment figure
This increases internal validity

21. However,
There lacks studies from African and South American samples. These would be required before a universal conclusion can be drawn

22. Meta-analysis… reliable?
Evaluation
Meta-analysis… reliable?

23. Evaluation The samples may not be representative of cultures
The meta-analysis compares between countries, not cultures
This means comparisons between countries (Italy vs Korea) may have little meaning

24. Evaluation Cross-cultural studies can suffer from an imposed etic
Where the researchers analyse findings in a biased manner of their own cultural beliefs, and wrongly impose culturally specific beliefs onto another
Validity?

25. Simonelli et al. 2014 (Italian study)
Researchers assessed month olds using Strange Situation
Wanted to see whether proportion of attachment types matched previous studies in Italy

26. Simonelli et al. 2014 (Italian study)
Researchers found;
50% were secure
36% were insecure-avoidant
This was a lower rate of secure attachment than found in previous studies

27. Simonelli et al. 2014 (Italian study)
The researchers suggested this was due to the increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare
Cultural changes can make a dramatic difference in patterns of attachment

28. Differences within cultures…
Person 1: Kyoung (2005)
Person 2: Grossman & Grossman (1991)
Person 3: Malin (1997)
Page 136 Black mask
Name and year
What they found?
What does this mean in terms of attachment types and culture?