1. Section 1 – restoring hope
CHAPTER 25
THE NEW DEAL
Section 1 – restoring hope

2. A. Roosevelt confronts the emergency
Brain Trust – Roosevelt’s advisers
Inaugural Speech –
“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
New Deal –
15 programs designed to fight the Depression
3 goals – relief for the needy, economic recovery and financial reform
Hundred Days – first 100 days of FDR’s term, tried to earn trust of Americans
Bank holiday–tried to stop massive withdrawals from banks, began March 6, 1933

3. a. Roosevelt confronts the emergency
Emergency Banking Relief Act – March 9 – authorized Treasury Dept. to inspect banks, only sound ones allowed reopen
Fireside chats – radio broadcasts from White House, tried to reassure people, given in simple language
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – ensured bank deposits up to $5,000 (now $100K)

4. B. Relief for the needy
Frances Perkins – Secretary of Labor, first female Cabinet member
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Harry Hopkins – former relief supervisor in NY who was named head of FERA
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Kinds of jobs

6. C. Helping the nation recover
Federal Securities Act –required corporations to provide complete info on stock offerings
Brokers held responsible for misinformation
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
John Maynard Keynes – said government had to spend money, which would encourage people to spend, to fully recover from Depression
Called Keynesian economics

7. C. Helping the nation recover
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)–
Public Works Administration (PWA)–
National Recovery Administration (NRA) –
NIRA and NRA declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 1935

8. D. Agricultural recovery
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – paid farmers to cut production in variety of areas
Example – cotton production reduced, helped raise prices
Criticisms – forced prices higher for consumers, only helped large farms
Declared unconstitutional in early 1936

9. E. Rebuilding a region
Tennessee Valley – seven-state region with a lot of poverty, disease and frequent flooding
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) –
Many people claimed that the TVA overstepped government power, but Supreme Court allowed it to stand

12. F. Equality under the new deal
Many New Deal agencies practiced discrimination
CCC, TVA, NRA
Fighting Discrimination
FDR named over 100 African Americans to government posts, most since Grant
Also prevented some anti-discrimination bills in order to keep southern Democrats happy
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt supported civil rights
Marian Anderson – gave free concert at Lincoln Memorial after DAR said no
Improvements for Native Americans

13. Section 2 – NEW CHALLENGES
CHAPTER 25
THE NEW DEAL
Section 2 – NEW CHALLENGES

14. A. CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL
Opponents
Complained that it destroyed free enterprise (conservatives) and the Constitution (liberals)
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Wanted the government to give $200/month to anyone over 60, had to spend it within 30 days
Father Charles Coughlin
Priest from Michigan hosted popular national radio show
Wanted government to take over banks, return to silver standard

16. A. CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL
Huey Long
Colorful but corrupt senator from Louisiana, nickname was “The Kingfish”
Share-Our-Wealth – proposal to take money from rich through taxes and guarantee minimum income and a home to every family
Like Robin Hood
Outcome – SOW did have some support from Americans but it fell apart after Long was assassinated in 1935

18. B. The second new deal What was it? Works Progress Administration
More programs, Social Security, wage and workplace improvements for workers
Democrats gain more seats in 1934 congressional elections, liberals pressure New Deal planners into doing more
Works Progress Administration
Built airports, roads and hospitals, also hired writers, musicians and artists
Budgeted $5 billion by Congress after its creation in 1935

19. B. The second new deal National Youth Administration (NYA)
Social Security Act – passed in August 1935, had 3 major provisions
Unemployment insurance
Provide pensions to people 65 and older
Disability and death benefits

20. B. The second new deal Other programs Election of 1936
Rural Electrification Program (REA)
Revenue Act of 1935
Election of 1936
Candidates – FDR (D) vs. Kansas Gov. Alfred M. Landon (R)
Result – FDR won every state but Vermont and Maine, 28 million to 17 million popular

22. C. FDR AND THE SUPREME COURT
FDR upset at the Supreme Court for rejecting many New Deal programs
Court packing
FDR’s plan to add one Justice for every current Justice over age 70, there were 6 at the time
Result
Opposed by Democrats and Republicans, rejected by Congress
One of the few black marks on his legendary presidency

24. D. Effects of second new deal
Wagner-Connery Act – passed after NIRA provisions declared unconstitutional
Encouraged unions to organize and bargain collectively
Listed unfair practices
Created National Labor Relations Board – which heard testimony of unfair practices

25. D. Effects of second new deal
Labor
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) – new union included skilled and unskilled workers
Sit-down strikes – workers protested conditions by remaining in building but not working
Prevented companies from using replacements (scabs)
Example – General Motors on New Year’s Eve 1936

26. D. Effects of second new deal
Farmers
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act in 1938
Farm Security Administration provided low-interest loans to help tenant farmers and sharecroppers buy land

28. E. ROOSEVELT’S RECESSION
Many in Congress wanted government less involved, so FDR cut back on spending
Fall 1937 – Factories closed, unemployment back up
FDR forced to increase spending, divides Democrats for 1938 midterms

29. Section 3 – LIFE IN THE NEW DEAL ERA
CHAPTER 25
THE NEW DEAL
Section 3 – LIFE IN THE NEW DEAL ERA

30. A. The dust boWL AND MIGRATION
Area of the Great Plains hit by severe drought and overplanting after World War I
Large dust storms, dirt blown everywhere
Many people left, most went west to California
Okies –Oklahoma farmers who lost their farms and moved to California
Eventually everyone who moved west was called an Okie
Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
Route 66 – “the Mother Road” – Chicago to Los Angeles – travelled by those moving west

32. A. The dust boWL AND MIGRATION
Competition for Migrant Workers
Mexican Americans
Increasing number of immigrants from the Philippines
Field Workers Union –
sponsored by American Federation of Labor
slowed falling pay but faced increased competition from Okies

33. B. Picturing life in the depression
Grim experiences provided powerful subject matter
Many photographers were hired by the federal gov’t
FDR believed that New Deal opponents might change their minds if they saw the actual conditions
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Dorothea Lange
Born in 1895 in Hoboken, moved to San Francisco as an adult
Hired by the federal government to take pictures
Migrant Mother – one of the most famous photos of the Depression, single mom and her family

35. C. EVALUATING THE NEW DEAL
People really wanted jobs, not free handouts
Critics’ claims
New Deal programs created a welfare state (when government provides basic needs)
Examples: Health care, unemployment, home loans, bank deposit, insurance, pensions, etc.
New Deal promoted deficit spending
First time that the federal government spent more money than it made
FDR too involved
Violated Constitution and free enterprise

36. C. EVALUATING THE NEW DEAL
Supporters’ claims
New Deal programs were necessary and helped Americans survive the Depression
Established standards for working conditions, protected workers’ rights

37. C. EVALUATING THE NEW DEAL
New Deal Legacy
Country didn’t completely recover until it began preparing for World War II
Many programs still exist today – FDIC, SEC, Social Security (includes 95% of country’s workers)
Rural electrification program had perhaps biggest long-term impact

38. Section 4 –THE NEW DEAL and the arts
CHAPTER 25
THE NEW DEAL
Section 4 –THE NEW DEAL and the arts

39. A. WPA PROGRAMS
Federal Project Number One – $300 million for writers, musicians, actors, other artists
Included the Federal Writers Project, Federal Theater Project, Federal Music Project and Federal Art Project

40. B. PORTRAYING the depression
Novels – grim view of American life (rural and urban)
Examples: The Grapes of Wrath (rural) and Native Son by Richard Wright (urban)
Films
Gone With the Wind – example of life in the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction became the most popular movie of the 1930s
Based on novel by Margaret Mitchell

42. B. PORTRAYING the depression
Escapism in movies
Examples – Duck Soup (Marx Brothers) and Gold-Diggers (Ginger Rogers)
Frank Capra – director who tackled social issues
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (greed) and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (corruption)
War of the Worlds (Orson Welles) – radio show about alien invasion freaked out people – thought it was real
Theater –
Many plays dealt with labor and class struggles
Thornton Wilder’s Our Town dealt with traditional American values

44. C. MUSIC AND THE NEW DEAL
Grand Ole Opry – country music radio show still airs live from Nashville every week
Gospel music – combination of traditional spirituals and jazz
Swing – smooth big-band style of jazz popularized by Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller and Duke Ellington

47. D. PAINTERS EXAMINE LOCAL CULTURE
Jacob Lawrence – from Harlem, portrayed lives of African American heroes
Georgia O’Keeffe – painted haunting images of southwestern landscape
Regionalists – group of Midwestern artists that stressed local folk themes and customs
American Gothic – famous regionalist painting by Grant Wood

48.                                 
                                
                                
                                                   
Jacob Lawrence, Migration of the Negro