1. Geology sol review
Chapters

2. Ch. 4 Resources Difference between renewable and nonrenewable
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Nonrenewable
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
Nuclear
Minerals
Advantages and disadvantages of resources
Uses of resources

3. Ch. 5 Weathering and Erosion
Difference between mechanical and chemical weathering
Examples of weathering
Mechanical – unloading or exfoliation and frost wedging
Chemical – hydrolysis, carbonation, oxidation
Factors that affect weathering (surface area, climate, temperature, moisture)
Water is the most important agent of chemical weathering and erosion
A mass movement is any erosion event where large amounts of rock are moved due to gravity
Minerals that form first at the highest temperatures will weather the fastest
Minerals the form last at the lowest temperatures will weather the slowest

4. Soil Profile

6. Chapter 6 Rivers and groundwater
Factors that affect stream flow:
Gradient – The steeper the slope the faster the flow
The larger, smoother, and straighter the channel the faster the flow
Discharge – The amount of water in the stream
The greater the discharge, the faster the flow

7. The material carried by the stream is the load
Dissolved
Suspended
Bed (greatest impact on erosion)

8. Deposition of a river
Alluvial fans form on land where the velocity of a river decreases
Deltas form at the mouth of a river where it meets a larger body of water

10. Watersheds of Virginia

11. Porosity – amount of pore space available in rock
Permeability – movement of water through rock
Rocks such as sandstone have high permeability
Permeable rock layers are called aquifers
Rocks such as limestone and shale have low permeability

12. Review groundwater pollution and wells
Zones of Groundwater
Review groundwater pollution and wells

14. Karst Topography
Any area that has limestone bedrock
Features include caverns, sinkholes, stalactites and stalagmites

15. Ch. 8 Earthquakes Know the parts of an earthquake
Information is needed from 3 seismograph stations in order to find the epicenter
Earthquakes occur along faults where movement occurs.
Magnitude – energy released
Intensity – damage
Types of seismic waves:
p waves – primary
s waves – secondary
love and rayleigh waves – surface, most damage

17. Evidence for continental drift Puzzle like shape
Ch. 9 Plate tectonics
Evidence for continental drift
Puzzle like shape
Similar rock types, fossils, and mountain ranges on different continents

18. Seafloor spreading
Mechanism that causes continental drift
Spreading occurs along the mid ocean ridge
As you move away from the ridge, the age of the ocean floor increases (the youngest rock is close to the ridge)
The force that drives seafloor spreading is convection

19. Plate characteristics
Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust
The lithosphere contains both the continental and oceanic crust and the upper mantle
The asthenosphere is found beneath the lithosphere and is found in the mantle
Convection occurs in the mantle
The most dense layer of the earth is the core

22. Features of plate boundaries
Convergent
Mountains, trenches, subduction zones, island arcs, continental volcanic arcs
Divergent
Mid ocean ridges, rift valleys
Transform
Most earthquakes

23. Ch. 10 volcanic activity Types of magma Types of volcanoes
Felsic (mostly silica, many trapped gases, explosive, continental)
Mafic (mostly magnesium and iron, few trapped gases, quiet eruptions, oceanic)
Types of volcanoes
Island (shield) and continental arcs (stratovolcanoes) - convergent plate boundaries
Fissure – form at mid ocean ridge
Hot spot – form over a mantle plume of magma; volcanoes form in a chain because the plate moves but the plume doesn’t; form on the ocean floor

24. Ch. 11 mountain building
Most of the mountains in our region are folded mountains
The Appalachian mountains are the oldest mountain system in the US
Our mountains have undergone a large amount of weathering and erosion

25. Folds
Faults
convergent divergent transform

26. Ch. 12 Relative and absolute dating
Relative dating determines the sequence of events, it does not give age
Law of superposition – oldest rocks are on the bottom, youngest rocks are on the top
Law of crosscutting – faults and intrusions are always younger than the rocks they cut across
Unconformities – erosional features in a rock sequence where erosion has removed part of the rock record

27. Absolute dating provided actual ages of rock
Fossils
Radiometric dating (using uranium to determine the age of rock)
Compare the amount of parent and daughter isotopes to determine the number of half lives
Carbon dating (using carbon to determine the age of fossils)