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Introduction to particle accelerators
Walter Scandale CERN - AT department Lecce, 17 June 2006
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Particle accelerators are black boxes producing
Introductory remarks Particle accelerators are black boxes producing either flux of particles impinging on a fixed target or debris of interactions emerging from colliding particles In trying to clarify what the black boxes are one can list the technological problems describe the basic physics and mathematics involved Most of the phenomena in a particle accelerator can be described in terms of classical mechanics and electro-dynamics, using a little bit of restricted relativity However there will be complications: in an accelerator there are many non-linear phenomena (stability of motion, chaotic single-particle trajectories) there are many particles interacting to each other and with a complex surroundings the available instrumentation will only provide observables averaged over large ensembles of particles In two hours we can only fly over the problems just to have an overview of them
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Inventory of synchrotron components
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Bending magnet Efficient use of the current -> small gap height
Field quality -> determined by the pole shape Field saturation -> 2 Tesla BEarth = Tesla B > 2 Tesla -> use superconducting magnets BLHC = 8.4 Tesla
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Quadrupole magnet Vertical focusing Horizontal defocusing
g=gradient [T/m]
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Alternate gradient focusing
QF QD
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Mechanical analogy for alternate gradient
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Basic 2-D equation of motion in a dipolar field
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Basic 2D equation of motion
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Basic 2D equation of motion
FODO structure Periodic envelop Cos-like trajectory Sin-like trajectory Multi-turn trajectory
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Longitudinal stability
Momentum compaction
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Chromaticity and sextupole magnet
Dispersion orbit
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Chromaticity correction and non-linear resonance
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Emittance
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Synchrotron radiation
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Synchrotron radiation and beam size
Adiabatic damping Synchrotron light emission
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Effect of synchrotron light
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Collective effects
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Instabilities and feedback
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Space charge
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Beam size
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Fixed target versus collider rings
Advantage Collider Bruno Touschek
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Lepton versus hadron colliders
-> (At the parton level ) ->
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