1. CARBOHYDRATES
Lea Peterson, Justin Diantonio, Pat Donelan, Hannah Martel, Dylan Appelgate

2. What is a Carbohydrate? Provides energy for animals muscles.
A carbohydrate is a macromolecule made up of a chain of 5 or 6 carbon rings and contain the elements carbon, oxygen,
Provides energy for animals muscles.
provides fuel for the central nervous system.
allows for fat metabolism.
prevents proteins from being burned to create energy.
allows for the buildup of fats, storing energy for later use.
virus receptors.
carbohydrates are used as a source of energy in animal cells, plant cells and bacteria.

3. MONOMERS Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates
The main fuel source for most cells
Provide raw materials for manufacture of other macro molecules
They use covalent bonds to attach to other monosaccharides
Often has the suffix "ose" in their name
Monosaccharides are isomers which means they have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

4. Monosaccarides
A carbohydrate with a 5 carbons is called a pentose while a carbohydrate with 6 carbons is a hexose.
Carbs are also classified by ketone or aldehyde function groups. A carb with an aldehyde group is an aldose while a carb with a ketone group is a ketose.
If the hydroxyl group is on the left side of the last carbon in the chain that carb has a D configuration while a hydroxyl group on the right of the last carbon is an L configuration. Results in isomers.

5. Monosaccharide Examples
Glucose: hexose and aldose
Galactose: hexose and aldose
Fructose: hexose and ketose
Ribose: pentose and aldose
Deoxyribose: pentose and aldose

6. Alpha and Beta Carbohydrates
Classified by hydroxide attachment
Affects the bonding of monosaccharides to form disaccharides

7. Disaccharides
Made from two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
Sucrose contains an alpha- glucose and an alpha-fructose
Lactose contains an alpha-glucose and a beta-galactose
Maltose contains two alpha-glucose

8. Polymer: Polysaccharides
Amylose:
Polymer: Polysaccharides
Polymers with hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Structure determined by its sugar molecules and the position of its glycosidic linkages
Storage Polysaccharides:
Plants and animals store sugars for later use
Plants store glucose as amylose or amylopectin, collectively known as starch
The glucose is removed by the hydrolysis of the molecule
Animals store glycogen, a polymer of glucose that is extensively branched
Hydrolysis releases the glucose
Structural Polysaccharides:
Organisms build important materials, such as cellulose, from structural polysaccharides
A polymer of glucose, like starch - the 2 molecules only differ slightly

9. Complex Sugars
Starch
Cellulose - oxygens reverse location; top and bottom
Glycogen

10. CARBS in action
An athlete may consume a simple carbohydrate, like glucose found in an energy bar, for immediate burning and the creation of a short burst of energy before a race. A worker can consume a more complex carbohydrate like amylose found in starch for sustained long release of energy over the day. A child may consume a type of carbohydrate indigestible by humans (cellulose) like fiber found in leafy green vegetables to clean their colon and take in vital vitamins. When all the amylose consumed by the worker is not burned, the rest is converted to fat stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.