1. Electron Sharing can be EQUAL or UNEQUAL
Covalent Bonding
Electron Sharing can be EQUAL or UNEQUAL

2. Polar Covalent Bonds UNEQUAL sharing of electrons EN value 0.5 – 1.5
Ex: C and O
C = 2.5; O = difference = 1.0

3. Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
EQUAL sharing of electrons
EN value 0 – 0.5
Ex: C and H
C = 2.5; H = 2.1 difference = 0.4

4. VSEPR Symmetry (Valence-shell electron pair repulsion)
Tells the shape of the molecule

5. Linear 1 bond
Examples:
F2 F – F
HCl H – Cl
CO2 O = C = O

6. Linear 1 bond

7. Bent 2 bonds H O
Examples: H2O SO2 H S O

8. Bent 2 bonds

9. Trigonal Planar 3 bonds H
Examples: NH3 CH2O N H O C H

10. Trigonal Planar 3 bonds

11. Tetrahedral 4 bonds H
Examples:
CH4
CCl4 H C H H Cl Cl C Cl Cl

12. Tetrahedral 4 bonds