1. October Revolution- 1917 “Lenin Takes Control”
Promising “Peace, Land and Bread,” the Bolshevik revolution had wide appeal to a large number of Russians
Peace- Leaving WWI
Land- Breaking up big farms
and distributing land
Bread- economic prosperity

2. What happened to the Romanovs?

3. Civil War
The treaty of Brest-Litovsk, gave Germany a lot of Russian territory angering many Russians
In the summer of 1918, Lenin’s opponents organized a counter-revolution-Resulting in Civil War
Red Army
Led by General Leon Trotsky
Communists
Supported Lenin
Successfully defended Petrograd
White Army
Led by Lavr Kornilev
Anti-communist
Counter-Revolutionaries
Supported the Czar

4. War Communism Grain Redistribution Banning of Private Trade Effects:
Nationalisation
The state took control of the factories and appointed managers to run them. Work was hard and long, food was rationed to only those who worked and trade unions were banned.
Labour Discipline
Passports to prevent movement of workers
Rationing
Secret Police used to impose changes
Effects:
Deeply alienated many – including potential supporters
Inefficient – ‘disincentivised’ work
Peasants particularly alienated
Drought and famine hit Russia in 1921 – over 4 million people died.
Kronstadt Mutiny
‘Soviets without Communists’ rallying cry

5. War Communism during the Russian Civil War
What is the cartoonist trying to say about the Russian Civil War?

6. New Economic Policy (NEP)
Lenin’s pragmatic about turn
Features- Returned most of Economy to Capitalist Practices
Grain Requisitioning abolished
Tax in kind
Could sell surpluses
State maintained control of heavy industry
But some small businesses allowed
To allow products for peasants to buy
Private Trade allowed
Rationing abandoned
General revival in economy
Some saw NEP as a betrayal of communism and return to the old system.

7. New Economic Policy
What can you infer about the Soviet Union under New Economic Policy?

8. Retail/Restaurant
Electricity
Make $100,000 (beyond investment)
Does not make profit; employees work for government and get paid by government
Government takes $50,000
---
You either take 50,000 in a salary, or re-invest it your business
Government uses grain to feed poor, sells leftovers at cheap prices
Government uses profit to expand services, pay for things like electricity
Government supplies as many people as it can with electricity either for free or below market cost

9. Lenin Restores Order
Lenin changed the name of Russia to the USSR, or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and moved the capital to Moscow

10. New Economic Policy
What can you infer about the Soviet Union under New Economic Policy?

11. Retail/Restaurant
Electricity
Make $100,000 (beyond investment)
Does not make profit; employees work for government and get paid by government
Government takes $50,000
---
You either take 50,000 in a salary, or re-invest it your business
Government uses grain to feed poor, sells leftovers at cheap prices
Government uses profit to expand services, pay for things like electricity
Government supplies as many people as it can with electricity either for free or below market cost

12. Just as the Economy Was Getting Better
.....Lenin dies of a stroke

13. “The only real power comes out of a long rifle.”
STALIN
“Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas.”
Stalin would become a even more aggressive and totalitarian dictator that would reverse the capitalist tendencies of Lenin
“The only real power comes out of a long rifle.”

14. It also deprives citizens of personal choice
Command Economy:
Economy planned and directed by government, where resources are distributed to factories by the government through central planning. (the GOVERNMENT decides who gets what)
This system doesn’t respond to the desires of consumers or to sudden changes in conditions
It also deprives citizens of personal choice

15. Five Year Plan
With government control of the entire economy, Stalin wanted to industrialize Russia in 5 years
Rather than producing consumer goods (what people want), Russian workers were forced to work at:
Mining Energy
Manufacturing Railroads
Military production Agriculture

16. The 5 Year Plan Required:
250,000 tractors
Oil fields to provide the necessary petrol to drive the machines
Power stations to supply the farms with electricity.
In 1928 Stalin Demanded:
111% increase in coal production
200% increase in iron production
335% increase in electric power
Why? He claimed that without rapid industrialization, the U.S.S.R. would not be able to defend itself against an invasion from capitalist countries in the west.

17. Collectivization
Stalin took away land from farmers and put it into “collectives,” where the government owns & controls it.
Farmers had just won land in the revolution (peace, land and bread), and now their land was being taken by the government
Stalin used brutal methods to accomplish this.
Between 5 and 10 million farmers died and millions were sent to Siberian reform camps