2. CARBON Organic compounds
A. Organic – contain carbon (exceptions: CO2, CH4)
Inorganic – NO carbon
B. Molecules with C, H, O can form variety of complex compounds
C. Molecular structure determine functions!!!

3. II. Characteristics of Carbon
A. C - 4 valence electrons
* Can form covalent bonds with:
- other elements
- other carbon atoms
Carbon
Hydrogen

4. B. Types of Bonds
1. Single bonds
a. 4 valence electrons, 4 covalent bonds
b. All 4 electrons form single bonds = tetrahedron

5. These lines between elements represents shared pairs of electrons
C. C-compounds can form isomers – same chemical formula, different structures
These lines between elements represents shared pairs of electrons
C4H10
C4H10

6. D. Bonds between carbon atoms.
a. C-chains range from 2 carbons to almost unlimited length
Linear form
-C-C-C-C-C-C-
b. Branched structure

7. c. Ring structure
d. Double and triple bonds

8. II. C-bonds with clusters of other elements called functional groups
A. Hydroxyl group: -OH (alcohol)
B. Carboxyl group: -COOH (acids)

9. C. Amino group: -NH2 (bases)
D. Phosphate group: -PO4 (used in energy transfer)

10. III. Polymers!

11. B. Four general categories of biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates(Sugars) – energy and storage
2. Lipids(fats) – used for long term energy storage
3. Proteins – structure and the regulation of reactions
4. Nucleic Acids(DNA/RNA) – store and transfer information