1. MR spectroscopy
NAA peaks may be reduced within plaques, which the most common and remarkable is finding
Choline and lactate are found to be increased in the acute pathologic phase
Double inversion recovery DIR:
a new sequence that suppresses both CSF and white matter signal and offers better delineation of the plaques.
Extradural lesions
Extradural lesions extend through the intervertebral foramina, lying partially within and partially outside of the spinal canal. and are usually in the bones surrounding the spinal cord

2. Disc bulge
A disc bulge represents displacement of the outer fibers of the annulus fibrosis beyond the margins of the adjacent vertebral bodies, involving more than one quarter (25%, 90 degrees) of the circumference of an intervertebral disc.
Because it is limited by the annulus fibrosus it does not extend above or below the attached margins of the disc.
Disc bulges, along with vertebral endplate bowing, are responsible for the disc height loss that is seen with ageing.

3. Bulges are always gradual and broad, and can be further divided according to how much of the circumference they involve:
Circumferential bulge: involves the entire disc circumference
Asymmetric bulge: does not involving the entire circumference, but nonetheless more than 90 degrees
A bulging disc is different about herniated disc because:
The disc simply bulges outside the space it normally occupies between the vertebrae, but it doesn't rupture.
Affects a much larger part of the disc than a herniated disc. While it is more common to have a bulging disc than a herniated disc,
It's possible to have a bulging disc without feeling any pain at all.

4. disc bulge

5. The common site
Approximately 90 percent of bulging discs occur in the lower back, or lumbar area, of the spine. The most common lumbar bulging disc is seen between lumbar vertebra L4 and L5, and between vertebra L5 and S1, causing pain in the L5 nerve or S1 spinal nerve.

6. Causes
A bulging disc is usually considered a normal part of aging. Some discs most likely begin to bulge as a part of both the aging process and the degeneration process of the intervertebral disc. .
Injury the intervertebral disc, and overuse or misuse of the disc such as might be experienced by an athlete or a person with a very physical job, can weaken the disc and make it more prone to problems. Smoking tobacco can also cause your disc to weaken and deteriorate.

7. Symptoms Bulging disc in thoracic spine:
Muscle weakness, numbness, or tingling in one or both legs
Increased reflexes in one or both legs that can cause spasticity
Changes in bladder or bowel function
Paralysis from the waist down