1. Pure substances and mixtures
key term: phase ________________________________________
_________________________________________
within a phase, the properties are ___________________
______________________________
for pure substances (inc. _____________ and _______________)
in a single state
# of phases ? ___________ so, _____________________
at what scale ?
- pieces/particles of substances are made up of electrons,
protons, and neutrons which are made up of other smaller
sub-atomic particles….
- so, each piece/particle of a substance is NOT uniform
BUT each piece is the same as another piece/particle
- so, a substance is homogeneous at the scale of the
particles of the substance
for an element – particles = atoms
for a compound – particles = molecules / formula units
a physically separate part (in a single state)
separate – to aided / unaided eye
uniform
OR homogeneous
elements
compounds
one
homogeneous

2. phases and mixtures…….
to form a mixture,
- “chunks” of each substance break apart
into smaller “chunks”
- the smaller “chunks” of each substance spread out
and mingle with each other
- the type of mixture that forms depends on:
 how small the smaller “chunks” are,
 and the degree to which they mingle
put your pencils down for a bit….

3. phases and mixtures…….
- the type of mixture that forms depends on:
 how small the smaller “chunks” are,
 and the degree to which they mingle
phases ? _____________
so NOT ______________
called ______________
a _______________ mixture
is called a _______________
chicken soup
oil and vinegar
pink granite
dirty water
more than one
homogeneous
heterogeneous
(the “chunks” are NOT
well mingled)
heterogeneous
suspension

4. phases and mixtures…….
- the type of mixture that forms depends on:
 how small the smaller “chunks” are,
 and the degree to which they mingle
lamp oil
steel
salt water
air
cobalt(II) nitrate, potassium dichromate,
potassium chromate, nickel(II) chloride,
and potassium permanganate in water
sugar water
phases ? _____________
one
so ______________
homogeneous
(the “chunks” are
well mingled)
a _______________ mixture
is called a _______________
homogeneous
solution

5. let’s look a little closer….
phases and mixtures…….
- the type of mixture that forms depends on:
 how small the smaller “chunks” are,
 and the degree to which they mingle
milk
jello
whipped cream
phases ? _____________
one
so ______________
homogeneous
but,
let’s look a little closer….
smoke
cloud
styrofoam
opal

6. phases and mixtures…….
let’s look a little closer….
milk
milk link1
milk link2
milk link3
jello
…under the (optical) microscope
the samples are __________________
heterogeneous
without a microscope (to the unaided eye)
the samples are __________________
homogeneous
opal
these type of mixtures are called __________________
colloids

7. Classes of colloids
aerosols
foams
emulsions
sols
sprays, mostly made up of a ________
gas
that contains a __________ / ___________
liquid
solid
hairspray, spray paint,
spray furniture polish, fog, smoke
smoke
examples:
whipped cream, marshmallows,
insulation, styrofoam
styrofoam
whipped cream
mostly made up of a ________ / ___________
liquid
solid
that contains a __________
gas
examples:
mayonnaise, milk, cheese,
oil and vinegar salad dressing (that stays mixed)
milk
these are liquids in liquids/solids
examples:
coffee, jellies, paints,
pearls (proteins in calcium carbonate / layers),
opals (quartz in water)
opal
paint
pearl
sounds like what state ? ________
solid
these are solids in solids/liquids
examples:

8. …under the (optical) microscope the samples are __________________
phases and mixtures…….
let’s look a little closer….
milk
…under the (optical) microscope
the samples are __________________
without a microscope (to the unaided eye)
these type of mixtures are called __________________
heterogeneous
homogeneous
colloids
but wait,
a solution is also homogeneous…..
salt water
…under the (optical) microscope
solutions are __________________
homogeneous

9. another way to distinguish solutions and colloids (especially if you are without your microscope)
both are homogeneous to the unaided eye
BUT, colloids will appear ___________________
solutions will appear ___________________
cloudy / foggy / milky
clear (liquid) / sharp (solid)

10. pick up your pencils …. phases and mixtures……. to form a mixture,
- “chunks” of each substance break apart
into smaller “chunks”
- the smaller “chunks” of each substance spread out
and mingle with each other
- the type of mixture that forms depends on:
 how small the smaller “chunks” are,
 and the degree to which they mingle
pick up your pencils ….

11. now, the types of mixtures
first, more definitions:
external phase (continuous phase)
internal phase (dispersed phase)
- the dispersed phase is what is mixed into the
continuous phase
- “chunks” of the dispersed phase are distributed
throughout the continuous phase
- most often the dispersed phase is in the lesser amount
second, a description:
a characteristic of liquids is
- the individual particles of the liquid substance can
move relative to each other
- so, they can bounce into each other
bounce = hit = push
now, the types of mixtures
YouTube - Specian's Phun machines: Ideal gas

12. > diffusion force so, suspensions will settle (separate)
Types of mixtures
suspension
phases:
“chunk” size:
consequence: (for liquid state external phase)
more than one phase visible to the unaided eye
- heterogeneous
the dispersed phase particles are big enough
to see so, > 10-4 meters ( meter)
link to HowBigOrFar
clumps of millions (or more) of particles of substances
weight of the
dispersed particles
> diffusion force
(the sum of the opposing hits
from the external phase particles)
so, suspensions will settle (separate)

13. link back to suspension
link back to solutions
how big/far

14. < diffusion force Types of mixtures solution phases:
external (continuous) phase:
internal (dispersed) phase:
“chunk” size:
consequence: (for liquid state external phase)
one phase to unaided and aided eye
- homogeneous
solvent
solution link
solute
the solute particles are too small to see
even with the most powerful (light) microscope
so, < 10-7 meters ( meter)
link to HowBigOrFar
these are individual particles of solute substances
ex: molecules / atoms
weight of the
dispersed particles
< diffusion force 1.
so, solutions will NOT settle (separate)

15.  diffusion force Types of mixtures colloid phases: “chunk” size:
consequence: (for liquid state external phase)
one phase to unaided eye - homogeneous
more than one phase to aided eye - heterogeneous
< 10-4 meters ( meter)
> meters ( meter)
weight of the
dispersed particles
 diffusion force
so, colloids will NOT settle (separate) w/ gravity 1.
but, will separate with a force > gravity
ex: centripetal force (centrifuge)

16. Types of mixtures
solution
phases:
“chunk” size:
consequence: (for liquid state external phase)
colloid
one phase to unaided and aided eye - homogeneous
< 10-7 meters ( meter)
these are individual particles of solute substances
weight of the dispersed particles < diffusion force 1.
so, solutions will NOT settle
(do NOT separate) 2.
the dispersed particles are too small
to scatter light
= clear
one phase to unaided eye - homogeneous
more than one phase to aided eye - heterogeneous
< 10-4 meters ( meter)
> meters ( meter)
weight of the dispersed particles ~ diffusion force 1.
so, colloids will NOT settle
(separate) w/ gravity 2.
the dispersed particles are big
enough to scatter light
= cloudy
but, will separate with a force > gravity
ex: centripetal force (centrifuge)