1. Types of Bioprocess and Bioproduct
Nur Hidayat

2. TYPES OF BIOPROCESSES
Gaden classified fermentation processes into three types.
primary metabolism
primary metabolisms, but the reaction rates could be complex
Non growth-associated production

3. primary metabolism
The rate of product formation is directly related to the rate of substrate consumption and also to the rate of cell mass produced
Examples of aerobic systems that follow this classification are acetic acid (using Gluconobacter suboxidans), single-cell protein (using Candida utilis, S. cerevisiae) and baker’s yeast (using S. cerevisiae).
Examples of anaerobic processes are ethanol (S. cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis), acetone/butanol (C. acetobutylicum), lactic acid (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and propionic acid (Propionibacterium shermanii).

4. primary metabolisms, but the reaction rates could be complex
The product may be an intermediate and not the end product of a metabolic pathway
Examples: alkaline protease (Bacillus lycheniformis), amylase (Aspergillus oryzae), pectinase (Aspergillus niger), cellulase (Trichoderma resii), citric acid (Aspergillus niger), amino acids (Corynebacterium glutamicum), and riboflavin (Eremothecium ashbyi).

5. nongrowth-associated production
production only begins when the main carbon source is exhausted and a secondary carbon source is used
The product is not connected to catabolism or energy metabolism, e.g., production of secondary metabolites like antibiotics, vitamins.
Examples of aerobic processes in this category are alkaloids (using Claviceps paspali), immunoglobulins (using hybridoma cells), interferons (mammalian cells), penicillin (Penicillium chrysogenum), cephalosporin (Acremonium chrysogenum), tetracycline (Streptomyces strains).

6. Klasifikasi menurut Deindoerfer
Simple type, where nutrient is converted to products with fixed stoichometry as in the case of glucose getting converted to gluconic acid
Simultaneous: The nutrient is converted to two products in variable stoichometry without the formation of intermediates. Formation of cell mass and yeast from glucose is an example of this type.
Sequential: Also known as consecutive reaction, where the formation of final product is superceded by an intermediate
Stepwise: Here nutrients get completely converted to intermediate first, before this intermediate gets converted to the final product

7. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING
The primary downstream operation is the removal of insolubles (e.g., by sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, membranes)
followed by isolation of the compound (e.g., precipitation, extraction, adsorption, membranes), final purification (e.g., crystallization, chromatography), and
drying (conventional dryers or spray dryer)

8. Major unit operations involved in the downstream
Process
downstream purification processes
Ethanol
filtration, distillation
Amino acids
cell separation, chromatographic purification, extraction, crystallization
Citric acid
separation, precipitation, activated carbon purification
Lactic acid
filtration, decantation, vacuum evaporation, centrifugation
Vitamin B12
activated carbon treatment, extraction, ion exchange
Biopolymers
pasteurization, precipitation, decantation, drying,
grinding
Tetracycline
filtration, precipitation, adsorption, crystallization,
centrifugation, vacuum drying
Steroids
extraction, crystallization

9. Tipe – tipe Bioproduct
Enzim
Metabolit
cell