1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 11

2. Key Concepts Human land use Types and uses of US public lands
Forests and forest management
Implications of deforestation
Management of parks
Establishment and management of nature preserves
Importance of ecological restoration

3. Factors Increasing Biodiversity
Middle stage of succession
Moderate environmental disturbance
Small changes in environmental conditions
Physically diverse habitat
Evolution
Refer to Fig p. 195

4. Factors Decreasing Biodiversity
Extreme environmental conditions
Large environmental disturbance
Intense environmental stress
Severe shortages of resources
Nonnative species introduction
Geographic isolation
Refer to Fig p. 195

5. Human Activities and Biodiversity
Fig p. 195

6. Importance of Biodiversity
Intrinsic value
Instrumental value
Existence value
Aesthetic value
Bequest value

7. Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity
Fig p. 197

8. Conservation Biology Multidisciplinary science Emergency response
Identify “hot spots”
Rapid Assessment Teams
Based on Leopold’s ethics

9. Types of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

10. US Public Lands
Fig p. 198

11. Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions

12. Types of Forests Old-growth (frontier) forests Second-growth forests
Tree farms/plantation

13. Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Refer to Fig p. 200
Food webs and energy flow
Protect soils from erosion
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification

14. Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Refer to Fig p. 200
Fuelwood
Lumber
Paper
Livestock grazing
Mineral extraction and recreation

15. Forest Management Rotation cycle Even-aged management
Uneven-aged management
Improved diversity
Sustainable production
Multiple-use

16. Management Strategies: Rotation Cycles
Fig p. 201

17. Roads Lead to Forest Degradation
Increased erosion and runoff
Habitat fragmentation
Pathways for exotic species
Accessibility to humans
Fig p. 201

18. Harvesting Trees Selective cutting High-grading Shelterwood cutting
Seed-tree cutting
Clear-cutting
Strip cutting
Fig e p. 202

19. Sustainable Forestry Longer rotations Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certify sustainable grown
(See Solutions, Fig p. 205)

20. Insect and Pathogen Threats to U.S. Forests
Sudden oak death
White pine blister rust
Pine shoot beetle
Beech bark disease
Hemlock woolly adelgid
See Fig p. 207

21. Fire
Surface fires
Crown fires
Fig p. 208

22. Logging in U.S. National Forests
Provides local jobs
Provides only 3% of timber
Increases environmental
damage
Hinders recreation income
Fig p. 210

23. Tropical Deforestation: Consequences
Rapid and increasing
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of resources (e.g., medicines)
Contributes to global warming

24. Tropical Deforestation: Causes
Fig p. 212

25. Reducing Tropical Deforestation
Encourage protection of large tracts
Sustainable tropical agriculture
Debt-for-nature swaps
Reduce illegal cutting
Reducing poverty and population growth
Refer to Fig p. 213

26. Managing and Sustaining National Parks
Inadequate protection
Often too small to sustain biodiversity
Invasions by nonnative species
Too many human visitors
Traffic jams and air pollution
Better pay for park staff
Also refer to Fig p. 215

27. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
Include moderate to large tracts of land
Involve government, private sector and citizens
Biosphere reserves
Adaptive ecosystem management
Protect most important areas (“hot spots”)
Wilderness areas

28. Ecological Restoration
Rehabilitation
Remediation
See Individuals Matter p. 214
Replacement
Creating artificial ecosystems

29. Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles
Mimic nature
Recreate lost niches
Rely on pioneer species
Control nonnative species
Reconnect small patches