1. LED Lighting & Advanced Technology
Grote 101 Module 8
LED Lighting & Advanced Technology

2. Lighting Technology In this module you will learn
Basics of LED technology
Process of modern lighting design
How Grote technology extends LED life
Grote LED Lighting product portfolio

3. Lighting Technology
Past to Present

4. Evolution of Lighting 19th Century – Filaments in a Vacuum
Incandescent Lamps
20th Century – Gas Discharge
Fluorescent Lamps
HID Lamps
21st Century – Solid State Lighting
Light Emitting Diodes

5. What is a Light Emitting Diode (LED)??
A solid-state semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into visible light.
When certain chemical elements are combined and electrical current passes through them, photons (light) and heat are produced.
The heart of an LED is composed of combinations of these elements in a junction.
The actual junction of the elements is called the “p-n junction”
This is basically what we offer the world
Both for LEDs but especially for Luxeon
Lasts foreever- design the light source right into the fixture.
Long life LEDs last up to 100,000 hours compared to 1000 for typical incandescents.
Vivid Colors LEDs give pure saturated colors with up to 130% more color gamut compared to standard NTSC specifications.
High reliability LEDs are solid state devices, no moving parts, no glass and no filaments to break.
Energy efficient LEDs use up to 90% less energy
Environmentally friendly LEDs contain no mercury. And since they last longer, there is less disposal waste in the environment.
Increased safety LEDs turn on faster, providing quicker response in applications like automotive brake lights.
Many consider Lumileds LEDs the “ultimate lamp” For many applications, there really is no downside to using LEDs

6. LED’s provide huge improvements in lamp life
Lamp Lifetime
LED’s provide huge improvements in lamp life
Source: Cree

7. Lighting Technology “Whiter” light
Each technology has moved closer to that of the Sun

8. Luminous Efficiency (lm/W)
Light Output / Watt 50
100
150
200
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
Year
Luminous Efficiency (lm/W)
Electrical Discharge Lamps
Fluorescent
Incandescents
Tungsten-Halogen
Conventional Incandescent
Shaped Reflectors
Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
High-Pressure Sodium
Power LED’s
Best LED
White LEDs
LED Technology is approaching Gas Discharge

9. Light Efficiency
A Gas Discharge Light Source is currently more efficient than an LED Light Source
Gas Discharge Sources Emit Light in all Directions
LED Sources Emit Light in one Direction
The Result is an LED Lamp can be as Efficient as a Gas Discharge Lamp

10. System Efficiency 80% Utilization Efficiency
Lighting efficiency 40 lm/W
40% Utilization Efficiency
80% Utilization Efficiency

11. LED Light Sources Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes
Use Silicon, Gallium or other non-polymer materials
Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Use polymer materials
Both technologies generate light through a diode junction, called a p-n junction
When electrons pass through this junction, a photon of light is generated

12. Inorganic LED Technology
Current Technology

13. LED MAKE-UP LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (L.E.D)
T 1 3/4 STYLE SHOWN
LIGHT
EMITTING
DIODE
(L.E.D)
CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE SEMI-CONDUCTOR COMPOUND AND LIGHT IS EMITTED
NO EVAPORATION OF COMPONENTS
EFFECTIVE LIGHT FOR 100,000 HOURS (red/amber)
LIGHTING DEVICES USUALLY CONTAIN NUMEROUS L.E.D.’S

14. Inorganic LED Structure
LED’s are fabricated onto an inorganic substrate.
Various layers create the light emitting junction properties
GaP Substrate
( ~ 200 µm)
AuZn Contact Pad
n-Al0.5In0.5P (LCL)
(AlxGa1-x)0.5In0.5P
Active Layer
VPE GaP Window
( ~ 50 µm)
p-Al0.5In0.5P (UCL)

15. LED Technology AlInGaP Materials Technology InGaN Materials Technology
(Red, Red-Orange, Amber)
InGaN Materials Technology
(Green, Blue, Cyan, White)
Packaging Technology
(light extraction, heat management, reliability)
Source: LumiLED

16. LED Standard Colors InGaAlP InGaN Blue (470nm) Verde Green (505nm)
True Green (528nm)
Pure Green (560nm)
Green (570nm)
Yellow (590nm)
Orange (605nm)
Amber (615nm)
Super Red (628nm)
Hyper Red (645nm)
White (.32, .31)

17. Generating White Light
Red + Green + Blue LEDs
Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor
(nm)
Blue LED
Spectrum
Phosphor
Emission
Combined
The two most common
methods to produce
white light with LEDs.
Red Peak
Blue Peak
Green Peak nm
Dynamic color tuning
Excellent color rendering
Large color array
Simple to create white
Good color rendering

18. LED Flux per package has doubled every 18-24 months for 30+ Years!!
LED Technology
LED Flux per package has doubled every months for 30+ Years!!

19. LED Components

20. Red/Amber LED
Red and Amber
Mature Technology
Brighter LED’s

21. Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor
White/Blue LED
White and Blue
White LED’s have Blue LED die at their heart
Phosphor changes blue to white
Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor
(nm)
Blue LED
Spectrum
Phosphor
Emission
Combined

22. LED CAUSES OF FAILURE THE GROTE ADVANTAGE
LED’s
Negative Transients
Heat
Electronics
Moisture
Negative Transient Protection
Patented potting system
Male Pin
Ultra Blue Seal

23. Reducing Lamp Failure Use the proper voltage
Built in heat/voltage regulation
Protect lamp from cracks from impact, shock and chemical attack
Dielectric grease

24. LED EXPLOSION – Design & Mfg
Protection – board, conformal coating, potting, thermal potting
Potted designs
Robust termination
Common incandescent connections also
Dedicated LED Assembly Process / Robotics
Circuits boards

25. LED Lamp Design CAD - Computer Aided Design
Paper replacement to full 3-D models

26. LED Lamp Design CAE – Computer Analysis and Engineering
Thermal, Stress, Electrical and Optics

27. System Costs
LED lamps are the most cost effective when lighting maintenance costs are taken into account over the life of the lamp
The following slides show the cost benefits from several sources

30. LED Advantages vs. Conventional Lighting
Fully dimmable
Dynamic color changes and white point tuning is possible
Robust, solid state, vibration proof
No Mercury
No heat in beam
No UV in beam
Directed light for increased system efficiency
Vivid saturated colors without color filter efficiency losses
Much longer life
Reduced maintenance costs
More energy efficient than incandescent and most Halogen lamps
Compact source offers design flexibility and unobtrusive hidden light designs
Small source sizes add to sparkling effect

31. LED vs Incandescent

32. LED vs Incandescent

33. LED Market/Application Adoption Cycle Curve
Household Lighting
INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE OBSOLESCENCE
TIME
Traffic Signals
Flashlights
Emergency Vehicle Lighting
Warning Lights
Transportation interior/exterior
Dental Curing
Medical
Outdoor & Landscape
Signage
Architectural, Entertainment, Task and General Lighting
Explosive Growth!
Camera flash
LCD Backlighting

34. Signal Lighting The Grote LED Portfolio Supernova Hi Count
Commercial Fleet/OEM spec
Hi Count
Aesthetics
Grote Select
Value

35. White Light LED Portfolio
Dome Lights
Transition from fluorescent to LED
Work Lamps
From Buggies to Baja!
Higher power requires more heat management care

36. Common Utility Beam Patterns
Driving similar to spot pattern
Fog similar to trap
Off Road similar to wide flood

37. Tractor Plus Pattern Combined spot and flood pattern
Developed for a tractor application
Very popular pattern for utility work

38. Heat Management