1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Mid-19c
European
Nationalism
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. The Crimean War [ ]
Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia

3. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

4. The Crimean War [ ]

5. Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]
“The Lady with the Lamp”

6. Treaty of Paris [1856]
No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefitted?
Who lost big?

7. Italian
Unification

8. Italian Nationalist Leaders
King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Count Cavour [The “Head”]

9. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

10. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

11. Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”
Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

12. Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821
“Coalmen.”

13. Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea
What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

14. Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858
What “deals” are made here?

15. Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

16. Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Austria loses control of Venetia.
Venetia is annexed to Italy.

17. Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

18. Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870
Italy is united!

19. A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

20. What problems still remain for Italy?
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
What problems still remain for Italy?

21. German
Unification

22. Zollverein, 1834

23. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

24. Key
Players

25. Kaiser Wilhelm I

26. Helmut von Moltke

27. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”

28. Otto von Bismarck
The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

29. Otto von Bismarck
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

30. Bismarck’s Aims CHECK forces of Liberalism, Catholicism, Socialism
NOT to unite Germany -- Instead… ensure Prussian supremacy among German states…espec. in N
Austria? -- subtle attempts to undermine Prussian influence

31. The German Confederation

32. Bismarck’s reaction Prepare for a showdown of IRON and BLOOD
Diplomatically:
Alliance with Russia
Favored Italy & France in disputes w/ Austria
Engineers 3 Wars !—gradually marginalize, defeat Austrians & then French

33. Step #1: The Danish War [1864]
The Peace of Vienna

34. Dano-Prussian War 1864
Dispute over independence Schleswig-Holstein (bet. G. states & Denmark)
Schleswig (N): Danish
Holstein (S): German
Historically: loosely ruled by crown of Denmark
1863: Danes annex S-H -- both A & P send troops – in aid of Confederation? … OR to be seen as key protector of German interests.

35. Peace of Vienna Prussia & Austria – jt. Responsibility for S-H
P: Schleswig A: Holstein
>>> increased tensions & resentment bet. Austria and Prussia.

36. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866
Austria

37. Austro-Prussian War
Secret Mtg. Bismarck & Napoleon III : F agrees to stay out of A-P war if it comes
Alliance w/ Italy (Austrians still occupy Venetia)
Counts on Brits to do nothing.
BUT still need PRETEXT for war – uses disputes over admin. of S-H to send troops into H.
Some G states: stay w/ Austria after declar. of war

38. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867
Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian-led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague
No Austria, Bavaria, Baden, Wurtemberg

39. North German Confederation
King of Prussia (William I ) controls foreign policy
Upper House – Bundesrat - elected by constituent states – mostly nobility.
Lower House – Reichstag – elected by universal manhood suffrage
Structure allows B the ability to circumvent middle-class –
B can appeal directly to working class (as N. III had done in France)

40. Hungary Uses Austria’s defeat as opportunity: Duel Monarchy
Franz Joseph – emperor of Austria AND king of Hungary
Restoration of Hungarian parliament (lost in 1849)

41. Why not be content? 2 problems: France
didn’t turn out as expected; Prussia – a little too strong on W. border w/ France
Napoleon III’s foreign policy missteps
South German states – not part of Confederation.

42. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern [a cousin to William] as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked William at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though William had insulted Napoleon III.

43. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing” the French.

44. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

45. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

46. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]
The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.
The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

47. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888] – at VERSAILLES!

48. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

49. German Imperial Flag
German for “Empire.”

50. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

51. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.
The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

52. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

53. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r ]

54. Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

55. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

56. Kaiser Wilhelm II

57. Eastern
Europe
in the Last Half
of the 19c

58. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

59. Austrian Imperial Flag

60. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

61. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag

62. Russian Imperial Flag

63. A heterogeneous empire
Russian Expansion
A heterogeneous empire

64. Nicholas I [r ]
Autocracy!
Orthodoxy!
Nationalism!

65. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War.
Emancipation of the Russian serfs [ ].

66. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile.
“Russification” program.
Jews  forced migration to the Pale

67. Russian Expansion
The Pale

68. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

69. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c “The Sicker Man of Europe”