1. Chemistry 2100
Chapter 17

3. Nomenclature IUPAC names for aldehydes
To name an aldehyde, change the suffix -e of the parent alkane to -al.
Because the carbonyl group of an aldehyde can only be at the end of a parent chain and numbering must start with it as carbon-1, there is no need to use a number to locate the aldehyde group.
For unsaturated aldehydes, indicate the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond by changing the ending of the parent alkane from -ane to -enal. Numbering the carbon chain begins with the aldehyde carbonyl carbon. Show the location of the carbon-carbon double bond by the number of its first carbon.

4. Nomenclature
The IUPAC system retains common names for some aldehydes, including these three.

5. Nomenclature IUPAC names for ketones.
The parent alkane is the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group.
Indicate the presence of the carbonyl group by changing the -ane of the parent alkane -one.
Number the parent chain from the direction that gives the carbonyl carbon the smaller number.
The IUPAC retains the common name acetone for 2-propanone.

6. Nomenclature
To name an aldehyde or ketone that also contains an -OH (hydroxyl) or -NH2 (amino) group:
Number the parent chain to give the carbonyl carbon the lower number.
Indicate an -OH substituent by hydroxy-, and an -NH2 substituent by amino-.
Hydroxyl and amino substituents are numbered and alphabetized along with other substituents.

7. Nomenclature Common names
The common name for an aldehyde is derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Drop the word "acid" and change the suffix -ic or -oic to -aldehyde.
Name each alkyl or aryl group bonded to the carbonyl carbon as a separate word, followed by the word "ketone”. Alkyl or aryl groups are generally listed in order of increasing molecular weight.

8. Physical Properties

9. Physical Properties

10. p. 461

11. Preparations

12. (1°)
(2°)

13. (1°)
(2°)

14. (1°)
(2°)

15. (1°)
(2°)

16. (1°)
(2°)

17. Reactions

18. Z = C, H

19.  
Z = C, H

20.  
Z = C, H

21.    
Z = C, H

22.    
Z = C, H

23.    
Z = C, H

24.    
Z = C, H

25.    
Z = C, H

26.    
Z = X, O, N

27.     OH
Z = X, O, N

30.  

31.    

32.    

33.    

34.    

35.    

36.    

37.    

40. (xs)

41. (xs)

42. (xs)

43. Cyclization

44.  

45.    

46.    

47.    

48.    

49.    

50.    

51.    

52. 1 6 6 2 5 5 3 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 2 5 6

53. 1 6 6 2 5 5 3 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 2 5 6

54. 1 6 6 2 5 5 3 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 2 5 6

55. 1 6 6 2 5 5 3 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 2 5 6

56. 1 6 6 2 5 5 3 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 2 5 6

57. 1 6 2 5 3 4 1 4 3 2 5 6

58. 1 6 6 6 4 2 5 5 5 3 1 4 4 1 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 1 5 6

59. Reduction
The carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone is reduced to an -CHOH group by hydrogen in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst.
Reduction of an aldehyde gives a primary alcohol.
Reduction a ketone gives a secondary alcohol.

60. Reduction
Reduction by NaBH4 does not affect a carbon-carbon double bond or an aromatic ring.

61. Tollens
Benedict

62. Keto-Enol Tautomerism

70. "enolizable"

71. "enolizable"

72. "enolizable"

73. "enolizable"

74. "enolizable"

75. "enolizable"

76. "enolizable"

77. tautomers
"enolizable"

78. ?

79. ?

80. H

81. H H H H

82. H H H H H H

83. H H H H H H

84. H H H H H H

86. enediol

87. H
enediol

88. H
enediol

89. H
enediol