1. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
How would something be classified as “Biotic”?
They must be composed of cells.
Complex organization patterns are found in all living organisms (i.e., cell  tissue  organ…)
Living organisms use energy.
Living organisms must maintain a state of homeostasis.
All organisms develop and change over time.
All organisms have the potential to reproduce, either sexually or asexually.

2. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Bio
Biotic
The living factors in an organism’s environment
Abiotic
The nonliving factors in an organism’s environment
Abio

3. Levels of Organization
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Levels of Organization
Just to review, let’s start with the atom…
Atom 
Molecule 
Organelle 
Cell 
Tissue 
Organ 
Organism 
Population 
Biological Community 
Ecosystem 
Biome 
Biosphere

4. Ecological Levels of Organization
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Ecological Levels of Organization
Organism: An individual
Population: Individual organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time.
Biological Community: A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time.

5. Levels of Organization
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Levels of Organization
Ecosystem: A biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it.
Biome: A large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.
Biosphere: All biomes together; the Earth

6. Ecosystem Interactions
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Ecosystem Interactions
Habitat: An area where an organism lives
Niche: The role or position that an organism has in its environment

7. Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Habitat vs. Niche
“By analogy, it may be said that the habitat is the organism's ‘address’, and the niche is its ‘profession’, biologically speaking.”

8. Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Habitat vs. Niche
A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor.
Limiting factor: Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

9. Habitat vs. Niche Examples of limiting factors- Amount of water
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Habitat vs. Niche
Examples of limiting factors-
Amount of water
Amount of food
Temperature
Although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.

10. Feeding Relationships
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Feeding Relationships
There are 3 main types of feeding relationships
1. Producer  Consumer
2. Predator  Prey
3. Parasite  Host

11. Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Autotroph: An organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food. (Producer)
Heterotroph: An organism that gets its energy requirements by consuming other organisms. (Consumer)

12. Different types of Heterotrophs
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Different types of Heterotrophs
Herbivore: Eats only plants
(Deer, rabbits, grasshoppers, etc.)
Carnivore: Prey on other heterotrophs
(Wolves, lions, cats, etc.)
Scavengers feed on carrion (dead animals)
(Hyenas, vultures, some crabs, etc.)
Omnivore: Eat both plants and animals
(Bears, humans, mockingbirds, etc.)
Detritivores: Eat fragments of dead matter
(Earthworms, millipedes, etc.)
Decomposers: Chemically breaks down dead matter
(Bacteria and fungi)

13. Symbiotic relationships
Part 1: Organisms and their Relationships
Symbiotic relationships
Mutualism: When both organisms benefit
Lichens
Commensalism: One organism benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Epiphytes (i.e., Bromeliads)
Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of the other.
Parasitoid wasp eggs on a tomato hornworm

14. Community Interactions
Part 1 Review: Organisms and their Relationships
Community Interactions
Competition: More than one organism uses a resource at the same time.
Predation: The act of one organism consuming another organism for food.
Symbiosis: The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together.
Niche competition
Carnivore
Mutualism

15. Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Models of Energy Flow
Trophic Levels: Each step in a food chain or food web.
Autotrophs always make up the first trophic level in ecosystems.
Heterotrophs make up the remaining levels

16. Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Models of Energy Flow
Food chains: A simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem

17. Models of Energy Flow Food webs:
Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Models of Energy Flow
Food webs:
A model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows.

18. Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Models of Energy Flow
Ecological pyramids: A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
Biomass: The total mass of living matter at each trophic level

19. What does your graph tell you?
Part 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
What does your graph tell you?

20. Cycling of Matter Cycles in the Biosphere
Part 3: Cycling of Matter
Cycling of Matter
Cycles in the Biosphere
Natural processes cycle matter through the atmosphere
The exchange of matter through the biosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle.
Bio: Involves living things
Geo: Geological Processes
Chemical: Chemical Processes

21. Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Short term cycle
Part 3: Cycling of Matter
Cycling of Matter
Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Short term cycle
Autotrophs use CO2 for ____________.
Heterotrophs produce CO2 during ________ __________.
Photosynthesis
Cellular
Respiration

22. Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Part 3: Cycling of Matter
Cycling of Matter
Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Long term cycle: Fossil Fuels
Organic matter is buried underground and converted to peat, coal, oil or gas deposits.
5.5 billion tons are burned each year and 3.3 billion tons stay in the atmos- phere, the rest dissolves in sea water*
(The National Center for Atmospheric Research)

23. Cycling of Matter Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Part 3: Cycling of Matter
Cycling of Matter
Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas and traps heat in the atmosphere.
(The National Center for Atmospheric Research)

24. Cycling of Matter Nitrogen Cycle
Part 3: Cycling of Matter
Cycling of Matter
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen comprises the bulk of the atmosphere (approximately 78%).
Most of it is unusable.