1. Make inferences and draw conclusions based on evidence in text.
Making Inferences
SPI
Make inferences and draw conclusions based on evidence in text.

2. Inference
An Inference is an educated guess based on the reading and/or facts in a passage or picture.

3. Inference Take what you know and make a guess!
Inference
Take what you know and make a guess!
Draw personal meaning from text (words) or pictures.
Use clues to come to your own conclusion.

4. Make an Inference!
What does this image tell me?

5. Question… What did I already know that helped me make that inference?
Question…
What did I already know that helped me make that inference?
Did I use picture or written clues?

6. Help Me Make an Inference!
Help Me Make an Inference!

7. More Questions…
Did you use words, graphs, or picture clues to help you make a guess about what that cartoon meant?

8. Try Again!
Can he draw more
than tigers?
Look up words you
don’t know!

9. Make 1 more Inference

10. How Do Good Readers Make Inferences?
How Do Good Readers Make Inferences?
They use:
Word/text clues
Picture clues
Define unknown words
Look for emotion (feelings)
Use what they already know
Look for explanations for events
ASK themselves questions!

11. Make Another Inference
Make Another Inference
Miss White has recess duty. Jacob finds a frog, picks it up, and runs over to show it to Miss White. Miss White screams, jumps, and runs as fast as she can into the school.
What can you infer from this passage?
What are the “clues” in this passage?

12. Authors vs. Readers Authors Imply, Readers Infer.
Authors vs. Readers
Authors Imply, Readers Infer.
Authors make implications that readers have to infer.
What do I mean by these statements?
Good Readers are Detectives who are always looking out for clues to help them better understand stories and pictures.

13. Working with Analogies
SPI 5.2 Choose a logical word to complete an analogy. 

14. Analogies
An analogy is a comparison of certain similarities between things which are otherwise unlike.

15. Analogies test your ability to:
Recognize the relationship between the words in a word pair
Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

16. Old
Young

17. To answer an analogy question you must:
Recognize the relationship between the words in the given word pair
Select the answer containing words related to one another in most nearly the same way
Recognize when two word pairs display equal relationships

18. Analogies look like this:
Up:Down ::Over:Under
Up is to Down as Over is to Under

19. In what ways could these pairs of words be related?
The relationship will always have to do with the meaning of the words
I get it…they are opposites!

20. Examples of possible relationships in an analogy:
Synonyms or antonyms
A part to the whole
A member to the category that contains it
Cause to effect (or effect to cause)
Varying degrees of a quantity or quality
Object to function

21. Here is one example of Synonym relationships:
Infant:Baby::Grown-Up: _________?
Infant:Baby::Grown-Up:Adult
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

22. Here is one example of Antonym relationships:
Big:Small::Full:_______?
Big:Small::Full:Empty
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

23. Here is one example of Part to Whole relationships:
Wheel:Car::Branch:_______?
Wheel:Car::Branch:Tree
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

24. Here is one example of Member to Category relationships:
Apple:Fruit::Carrot:_______?
Apple:Fruit::Carrot:Vegetable
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

25. Here is one example of Object to Function relationships:
Truck:Transport::Oven:______?
Truck:Transport::Oven:bake
Grown-Up -ADULT
Full - EMPTY
Branch - TREE
Carrot -VEGTABLE
Heat - BOIL
Cool -FRIGID
Oven - BAKE

26. PRACTICE Can you identify the relationship?
Synonyms or antonyms
A part to the whole
A member to the category that contains it
Cause to effect (or effect to cause)
Varying degrees of a quantity or quality
Object to function
PLATOON:SOLDIER
HOT:SCALDING
STARVATION:BINGING
GILLS:BREATHING
PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING
SOCCER:SPORT
Let’s practice recognizing relationships.
Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon)
Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding)
Antonym
Object to function - gills are used to breathe
Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing
Member to category- soccer is a type of sport

27. PRACTICE Can you identify the relationship?
Synonyms or antonyms
A part to the whole
A member to the category that contains it
Cause to effect (or effect to cause)
Varying degrees of a quantity or quality
Object to function b
PLATOON:SOLDIER
HOT:SCALDING
STARVATION:BINGING
GILLS:BREATHING
PERSUASIVE:CONVINCING
SOCCER:SPORT e a f
Let’s practice recognizing relationships.
Part to whole - the second word (solider) is part of the first word (platoon)
Varying degree - the first word (hot) is the extreme of the second word (scalding)
Antonym
Object to function - gills are used to breathe
Synonym -someone who is persuasive is also convincing
Member to category- soccer is a type of sport a c

28. Approaches that may be helpful in answering analogy questions:
Try to determine the precise relationship between the words in the given pair
Form a sentence that captures the relationship between the two words
Then look for the answer choice containing the word pair whose relationship is closest to that of the given pair and can be expressed in a similar fashion

29. Helpful Approaches con’t:
Pay attention to the order of the words in the pair
Pay attention to the parts of speech
The relationships you need to explain will be constant relationships
Analogy questions are vocabulary intensive
Remember that a single word can have several different meanings
Never decide on the best answer without reading all the answer choices
Practice recognizing and formulating relationships between word pairs

30. Example APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana Juice : Can
Slice : Core
Butterfly: Insect
Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.”
Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words.
Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A butterfly s a type of insect.

31. Example Butterfly:Insect APPLE : FRUIT :: Salad : Mix Orange: Banana
Juice : Can
Slice : Core
Butterfly:Insect
Make a sentence that shows the relationship between apple and fruit. How about “An apple is a type of fruit.”
Test that sentence by going through all five answers choices, replacing apple & fruit with the different pairs of words.
Only one pair fits the sentence. Answer E: A carrot is a type of vegetable.

32. Example PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue Letter : Compose
Knife : Cut
Mistake : Erase
Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific.
Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

33. Example Knife : Cut PEN : WRITE :: Pencil : Sharpen Ink : Blue
Letter : Compose
Knife : Cut
Mistake : Erase
Too specific sentence - I once had a pen that my dog chewed but it still wrote in different colors. - sentence is too long, too specific.
Too general: A pen is a thing and to write is an action. Sentence is too vague. It describes each word individually and not the relationship of the words. Lots of very different pairs of words could fit from this sentence.

34. Practice Large : Big:: Remember : Forget Triumph: Success
Nostril : Smell
Audio : Hear
E. Glasses : See

35. Practice Triumph: Success Large : Big:: Remember : Forget
Nostril : Smell
Audio : Hear
E. Glasses : See

36. Practice Bat : Hitter Score: Win Walk : Run Mars : Venus
Stick : Hockey Player
Basketball: Hoop

37. Practice Stick : Hockey Player Bat : Hitter Score: Win Walk : Run
Mars : Venus
Stick : Hockey Player
Basketball: Hoop

38. Practice Come : Came:: Walk : Walking Ride : Rode Left : Arrived
Did : Had Done
See : Seen

39. Practice Ride : Rode Come : Came:: Walk : Walking Left : Arrived
Did : Had Done
See : Seen

40. Cause and Effect
Mark was grounded because he wasn’t on green at school.
Cause
Effect

41. A cause is what makes something happens
A cause is what makes something happens. To find the cause, you need to ask yourself , “What happened first?”.
An effect is what happens because of something else (the cause). To find the effect, you need to ask yourself, “What happened second?”.
The boy was grounded because he wasn’t on green at school.
What happened first? The boy wasn’t on green at school. (This is the cause)
What happened second? The boy was grounded. (This is the effect)

42. There are signal words that will help you to identify the two parts of a cause/effect relationship. The most common signal words are: because, if, when, so, then.
Mark was grounded because he wasn’t on green at school.
In the sentence above, the word because signals a cause-effect relationship.

43. It got dark because the sun went down.
Now, let’s try to identify some cause-effect relationships. In the following sentences, click on either the cause or the effect. Remember, the cause is the first part of a cause-effect relationship and the effect is the second part.
Click the cause in the following sentence.
It got dark because the sun went down.

44. You Got It!

45. Try Again!

46. Click on the cause in the sentence below.
My sister was scared of the mouse, so she yelled for help.

47. You Got It!

48. Try Again!

49. Click the cause in the sentence below.
The dog dug a hole so he could bury his bone.

50. You Got It!

51. Try Again!

52. Click the cause in the sentence below.
Mark was tired, so he fell asleep in class.

53. You Got It!

54. Try Again!

55. Click the cause in the sentence below.
If you study hard, you will pass the test.

56. You Got It!

57. Try Again!

58. Click the effect in the sentence below.
When the light said, “Walk,” the man crossed the street.

59. You Got It!

60. Try Again!

61. Click the effect in the sentence below.
The boy was surprised when the rocker began to move.

62. You Got It!

63. Try Again!

64. Click the effect in the sentence below.
My mom was hot, so she turned on the fan.

65. You Got It!

66. Try Again!

67. Click the effect in the sentence below.
The player was angry so he jumped on the referee.

68. You Got It!

69. Try Again!

70. Click the effect in the sentence below.
When the wolf left, the pig popped his head out of the can.

71. You Got It!

72. Try Again!

73. Congratulations!!!!!!! You are now a Cause/Effect Expert!!!!!

74. CHOICE BOARD SELECT 1 activity that gives you practice with:
a. Analogies
b. Inferences
c. Cause & Effect
Use the notes and other resources to help you if
needed.

75. Ticket Out the Door