1. Development Policy and Management
PIA 2501
Week Seven
Local Administration and Development: Democracy, Decentralization and the Myth of the Grassroots

2. Discussion for Next Week: Is Good Governance a Global Issue?
John Seitz, Global Issues
Joyce Cary, “The Two Faces of Progress”
Isabel Allende, “Clarisa”
Jorge Luis Borges, “The Book of Sand”

3. Our Authors Joyce Cary, 1888-1957, Author
John (Jack) Seitz, Wofford College

4. Jorge Luis Borge and Isabel Allende, Voices of Latin America

5. Reminder: Five Development Themes
Development Theory
Development Planning and Management
Governance, Local Government and Civil Society
Human Resource Development
Donors and Development

6. Local Government and Civil Society
Theme Three
Governance,
Local Government and Civil Society

7. Three Issues
I. Governance
II. Local Government
III. Civil Society

8. I. Governance
Democracy Video

9. Governance

10. Governance and the State
Sovereignty
Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
Presumption of “Independence”
A National Government status given by International Community and by use of International Law
"States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management."
Milton Esman

11. International Criminal Court

12. The Shift in Development Priorities
Three Post-September 11 Issues:
Governance
NGOs and Civil Society
Human Resource Development

13. Where is Governance?

14. Governance: an Overview of Issues
Focus of International Development: Post-2001:
“Democracy and Governance”
Human Rights (First Generation-Political)
But not second (social) or third (economic)

16. Terms Basic Terms: 1. The Environment of Development
2. Governance-Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown
3. Rule of Law

18. Governance and Sovereignty
"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“
- Anonymous

19. Sovereignty: What Does it Mean?

20. Governance and Sovereignty
Rules of the Game politics:
Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
"Splintering”
Break up of states--centrifugal forces
Interest Group Liberalism: The goal?
Civil Society as organizational
Not the individual or the mass

21. The Nature of Conflict

22. Governance and Sovereignty
The need for apathy?
Constitutional vs. Social stability
Institutional structures:
Checks and balances
The Institutional State
What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

23. Governance and Democracy
Three Views

24. Types of Democracy: Terms
Direct Democracy
Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations
Town hall or village model

25. New England Town Hall

26. Types of Democracy, Continued
Indirect Democracy
Some form of representative democracy
Pluralism
Existence of various diverse interest associations, individuals and groups within society (Focus on Tolerance)

27. Nepal Poster

28. Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy
Problem with Populism
Mob Justice
Minority rights
Shifting majorities
Problem with Plebiscites
Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

30. James Madison and Democracy: The Warning
The problem with majorities
Tyranny
Factions

31. Democracy: What is it?
"It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development."
- Vincent Ostrom

32. Vincent Ostrom, Tej Kumari Mahat and Elinor Ostrom

33. Types of Democracy, cont.
Polyarchy
Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues (Structured Pluralism)
Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)
Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy (Scandinavia)

34. Robert Dahl (Yale University Born 1915) and Polyarchy

35. Democracy: What is it?
“The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.”
Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

36. Peter L. Berger (Born March 17, 1929, Boston University)
Central to Peter Berger's work is the relationship between society and the individual

37. Review: Governance and the Rule of Law
Albie Sachs
VIDEO

38. Ten Minute Break

39. II. Local Government- Focus on Local Administration and Development
Myths of the Grass Roots

40. Governance Issues- Continued
Local Government Defined:
Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

41. What Local Government Does

42. CLGF Pacific Local Government Capacity Building Project

43. What Local Government Does?
Services: local roads, sanitation, water, basic health, primary education
Depend Upon: Skilled Personnel
Fiscal/budget allocation
Taxes and transfers
Planning
Strategic priorities
Managing
Implementing

44. Local Government and Development: The Goal
Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics: myths of participation

45. Decentralized Governance
Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units
Not always about democracy

46. Reinventing Government?

47. Decentralization and Local Government: Models
Devolution- Political
Deconcentration- administrative
Delegation- autonomous control
Privatization- private or non-profit sector

49. Local Government and the Local State
Local State (Local level national authority) vs. Local Government
Functional vs. Territorial Control
Devolution
Urban vs. Rural
Urban linked with Rural

51. The Primary Unit of Government
Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats
English/American
Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
Continental European
Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

52. Swedish Local Government Organizations

53. Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated
Prefectoral unintegrated

54. French Prefect

55. Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District
Office
Council/Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

56. Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Police
District
Office
Police
Council/
Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

57. Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Council
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

58. III. Civil Society and Governance
Civil Society: Definition
Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

61. State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
State-mezzo Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

63. The Principle

64. The Goal
Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie
Bottom up and interactive
Village development committees vs. local planning officers
Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks
Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

66. Potential Development Themes
Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement.
At the Grassroots

67. Civil Society Definition: "Beyond the family but short of the state”
Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests
"Beyond the family but short of the state”
- Hegal
"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”
- First vs. Second and Third generation

68. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

69. Governance Themes
Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories
Samuel Huntington
Monte Palmer
Jorge Luis Borges
V.S. Naipaul
Michela Wrong

70. Planning Themes-Authors
Planning vs. Implementation- The Limits of Governance
Jeffery Pressman (and Wildavsky)- Local Government
Naomi Caiden (and Wildavsky)- Planning vs. Budgeting

71. Development Themes
II. Gender and Development- A Democracy and Governance issue
Isabel Allende
Sue Ellen Charlton
Kathleen Staudt

72. And Satire is Important
Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy

73. Books of the Week
Michele Wrong, (Born in 1961) In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz
V.S. Naipaul, Among the Believers, Born, 1932)