1. PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management
Week Eight

2. And the North Needs Help Too:
NGOs and Foreign Aid

3. And Satire is Still Important
Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy

4. More Meet the Authors

5. Susan George, Born in 1934- Basic Needs and Socialism
Born in Akron Ohio and lives in a Chateau in France

6. Michael Edwards: “Mr. NGO”
Ford Foundation Senior Executive and Advocate for NGOs and Development

7. Samuel P. Huntington, (April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) Harvard University

8. Governance Themes
Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories- Measured against Civil Society
Samuel Huntington
Monte Palmer
Jorge Luis Borges
V.S. Naipaul
Michela Wrong

9. It starts with The Roman Empire

10. The Focus of the Week ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF NGOs

11. Prologue- World Bank Mission
Local Governance and Civil Society in Guinea Conakry (Stakeholder Analysis- March, 2006)
A Collapsed State: ( )
Creation of a Poverty Alleviation Fund- includes Micro-Credit
Design Capacity for Service Delivery
Need for Predictable Governance and stable Civil Society

12. III. Civil Society and Governance
Civil Society: Definition
Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

13. Civil Society Definition: "Beyond the family but short of the state”
Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests
"Beyond the family but short of the state”
- Hegel
"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”
- First vs. Second and Third generation

14. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

15. In the Beginning:
A TWO MINUTE HISTORY

16. “Socio-economic Status and Seniority in the New Jersey Brigade” 1775

17. Andrew Carnegie championed the idea of strategic philanthropy: he thought it was better to give people a fishing rod than a fish.

18. Sometimes a Great Notion

19. Decentralization and Civil Society: A Grassroots Perspective
Governance /
Democracy
NGOs
Women’s Focused
Groups
Target Group
Communication
and
Support
Civic
Education
Rural
Credit
Rural
Industries
Land
Grassroots
Organizations

20. State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
State-mezzo Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

21. Civil Society—Our Definition?
Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests

24. The Principle

25. The Goal
Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie
Bottom up and interactive
Village development committees vs. local planning officers
Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks
Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

26. Potential Development Themes
Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement.
At the
Grassroots

27. Community Dynamics

28. Ten Minute Break

29. Tie Ins: NGOs, Civil Society and Governance
1. The Failed State
2. Decentralized Governance
3. Reconceptualization of Governance
4. Human Rights

30. Tie ins to NGOs 5. Development Promotion 6. Micro-Credit
7. Nature of the Beast

31. GOVERNANCE ISSUES IMPACT NGO WORK
THE TIE IN-1
Failure of the State System
GOVERNANCE ISSUES IMPACT NGO WORK

32. The Hard State

33. Political Cartoon Remembering the 1960s (Hard vs. Soft States)

34. TIE IN-2
NGOs and Civil Society Tie into Decentralized Governance

35. Civil Society as a Dependent Variable

36. Tie In-3

37. GOVERNANCE AND TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP

38. World Ethnic Divisions

39. Northern Pakistan

40. Tamil Protests and Sri Lanka’s Political Future

41. Tie In- 4- Human Rights Issues Review
Civil Society and Human Rights
"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship" (Anonymous)
Issue: First vs. Second and Third generation Human Rights and Civil Society

42. War, Drought, Agricultural Failure
Origins- Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
War, Drought, Agricultural Failure
Focus on Rural Development
Human Rights
Focus on Governance

44. Tie In 5: Rural Development Promotion

45. Types of “Development” NGOs
Grassroots associations (local or village based)
Advocacy groups
Public Service Contractors

46. Types of “Development” NGOs
Philanthropy vs. Charity
Relief and Welfare Societies
Public Service Contractors
Populist based development agencies (national)

48. Tie In-6: The Popularity of Micro-credit
Ann Dunham- Micro-credit specialist
VIDEO

49. Micro-Credit is currently quite popular

50. Micro-Credit Project in Ethiopia

51. Tie in 7- NGOs--The Nature of the Beast
Non-Profits vs. For Profits
Not for Profits- More value directed
Private Voluntary
Organizations (PVOs)
Community Based
Organizations (CBOs)
Foundations

52. NGOs- THE NATURE OF THE BEAST

53. Civil Society Structures-1
NGOs, CBOs, (Community Based Orgs.) PVOs (Private Voluntary Organizations: Who do they represent?
Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality)
Groups- Role of ethnicity, religion and class, vs. individual rights

54. NGOs-The Nature of the Beast-2
Civic Associations (Civics)
Interest Groups
Quangos
Trade Unions
Religious Organizations

55. International NGOs- Care Catholic Relief Services Save the Children
Amnesty International
Oxfam

56. Happy Talk?

57. Civil Society Structures-The Darker Side
Privatization as an NGO issue (Compete with Private Sector)
Corporatism vs. Clientelism (NGOs vulnerable)
Organic VS. Individualist nature of society (Vincent Ostrom) (Civil Society sometimes seen as collectivist)
Establishing the rule of law
Roman vs. Common Law
What is the role of the individual

58. Five Caveats: NGOs Usually excludes “for profits”
Issue of contractors- both for profits and non-profits
Includes both International and Local
Internationals are not universally loved

59. Not Universally Loved

60. Five Caveats, Cont.
Very often internationals are religious or charity based
Focus has been primarily on relief rather than development or civil society goals

61. One View

62. Annual Meeting of World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO)

63. Indigenous NGOs

64. Goods for Good- A Malawi Based Organization (BUT?)

65. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
NGOs--Areas of Perceived Advantage
Cost-effective
Small but efficient
Innovative
Staff loyalty and commitment

67. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
NGOs--Perceived Advantage
Ideologically compatible with Development values
Links with poor
Image of populism

68. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Lack of local legitimacy
Donor driven
Inefficiency

69. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Tensions with government institutions
Politically threatening
Ties with existing local elites
Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation

70. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Amateurism
Leadership and continuity problems
Staffing problems
Self-serving-own objectives
Faith Based

71. Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disasters.
International NGOs—Weaknesses
Fixation on projects
Problems of replication
Lack of perceived accountability
Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

72. NGOs and Projects

73. State Societal Linkages: Redux
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
Mezzo-Intermediate
State-Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT