1. Anatomy & Physiology Fall 2016
The Skeletal System
Anatomy & Physiology
Fall 2016

2. I. Overview of Bones Functions of Bones Support Protection Movement
Storage
Fat stored inside bones (marrow)
Minerals such as calcium & phosphorus
Blood Cell Formation

3. B. Classification of Bones 1. Composition Classification a. Compact i
B. Classification of Bones 1. Composition Classification a. Compact i. dense & smooth b. Spongy i. pieces of bone and open space ii. Resembles a sponge

5. 2. Size/Shape Classification a. Long i. rounded heads on the ends ii
2. Size/Shape Classification a. Long i. rounded heads on the ends ii. Bone shaft in the middle iii. Compact bone iv. Ex. Humerus & Femur (Arm & Thigh) b. Short i. usually cube shaped ii. Spongy bone iii. Ex. The Patella (Knee Cap)

6. c. Flat
i. thin, flat and curved
ii. Compact bone surrounding spongy bone
III. Ex. Skull, ribs and stermun
d. Irregular
i. bones that don’t fit other categories
ii. Ex. Vertebrae (spine)

8. C. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone 1. Diaphysis a. a. k. a. shaft b
C. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone 1. Diaphysis a. a.k.a. shaft b. Compact bone 2. Epiphyses a. a.k.a. ends b. Filled with spongy bone c. Contains epiphyseal plate

10. 3. Yellow Marrow Cavity
a. fills the diaphysis cavity of adults
b. Stores fat tissue
4. Bone Markings
a. bumps, holes & ridges
b. Show where muscles, tendons & ligaments attach
c. Also show were blood vessels and nerves pass through

12. D. Bone Formation & Growth 1
D. Bone Formation & Growth 1. The process of bone formation is called “ossification” a. bones start out as mostly cartilage b. Acts as a model for the bone 2. Mostly takes place before birth a. the epiphyseal plates are still present after birth

13. E. Bone Fractures 1. Fracture can be treated by 2 types of reduction a
E. Bone Fractures 1. Fracture can be treated by 2 types of reduction a. Closed Reduction i. Physician realigns the bones by hand b. Open Reduction i. surgery is performed ii. Bones are secured together with pins or wires

14. 2. Repair process involves 4 major events a. hematoma forms b
2. Repair process involves 4 major events a. hematoma forms b. fibrocartilage callus forms c. Bony callus forms d. Bone remodeling

15. II. Axial Skeleton Skull 1. Cranium a. Frontal Bone b. Parietal Bones
c. Temporal Bones
d. Occipital Bone
e. Sphenoid Bone
f. Ethmoid Bone

17. 2. Facial Bones a. Maxillae b. Palatine Bones c. Zygomatic Bones d
2. Facial Bones a. Maxillae b. Palatine Bones c. Zygomatic Bones d. Lacrimal Bones e. Nasal Bones f. Vomer Bone g. Inferior Nasal Conchae h. Mandible

19. Bell Ringer Identify at least 3 functions of the skeletal system
What classification of bone is the sternum?
What is the scientific name for the rounded ends of a long bone?
What is the process of bone formation?
What does the yellow marrow cavity store?

20. B. Vertebral Column (Spine) 1. Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) a
B. Vertebral Column (Spine) 1. Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) a. C1 is named “Atlas” b. C2 is named “Axis” 2. Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) 3. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) 4. Sacrum a. formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae b. located between the hips 5. Coccyx a. fusion of 3-5 tiny vertebrae b. “Tailbone”

22. C. Thoracic Cage 1. Sternum (Breastbone) a. fusion of 3 bones i
C. Thoracic Cage 1. Sternum (Breastbone) a. fusion of 3 bones i. manubrium ii. Body iii. Xiphoid process b. attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs

23. 2. Ribs a. True ribs i. first 7 pairs ii
2. Ribs a. True ribs i. first 7 pairs ii. Attach directly to sternum iii. Attach by costal cartilage

24. b. False ribs i. 5 pairs ii. Attached to the sternum indirectly or not at all c. Floating ribs i. 2 pairs ii. These are the False ribs that do NOT attach to the sternum

26. Bell Ringer What bone is your “funny” bone?
How many bones are in your index finger?
What is another name for your clavicle?

27. III. Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
The clavicle
a. “collarbone”
b. attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
c. attaches to the scapula
2. The Scapula
a. “Shoulderblade”
b. commonly called wings

29. B. Bones of the upper limbs 1. Arm a. Formed by the humerus i
B. Bones of the upper limbs 1. Arm a. Formed by the humerus i. typical long bone ii. Fits into the scapula 2. Forearm a. Radius i. on the thumb side b. Ulna i. on the little finger side

31. 3. Hand a. Carpal bones i. 8 bones ii. Two irregular rows of 4 iii
3. Hand a. Carpal bones i. 8 bones ii. Two irregular rows of 4 iii. Forms the wrist b. Metacarpal bones i. 5 bones ii. Numbered 1-5 from the thumb to the pinky iii. Forms the palm

32. c. Phalanges i. 14 phalangies in each hand ii. 3 in each finger iii
c. Phalanges i. 14 phalangies in each hand ii. 3 in each finger iii. Two in the thumb

33. C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Two Coxal Bones a. “hip” bones b
C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 1. Two Coxal Bones a. “hip” bones b. 3 bones fused together i. Ilium ii. Ishium iii. Pubis 2. Sacrum a. the coxal bones & sacrum form the pelvic girdle b. the coxal bones, sacrum & coccyx form the “Pelvis”

35. D. Bones of the Lower Limbs 1. Thigh a. Femur Bone i
D. Bones of the Lower Limbs 1. Thigh a. Femur Bone i. heaviest and strongest bone 2. Leg a. Patella i. “knee cap” ii. Enclosed by the patellar ligament iii. Connects to the thigh & the tibia

36. b. Tibia i. “shinbone” c. Fibula i. thin & sticklike ii
b. Tibia i. “shinbone” c. Fibula i. thin & sticklike ii. Has no part in forming the knee joint

38. 3. Foot a. Tarsal bones i. 7 bones ii
3. Foot a. Tarsal bones i. 7 bones ii. Form the ankle and back of foot iii. Calcaneus- heel iv. Talus- ankle

39. b. Metatarsals i. 5 bones ii. Form the sole c. Phalanges i. 14 bones ii. 3 in each small toe iii. 2 in each big toe

41. IV. Joints Functions of joints Hold bones together
a. EVERY bone forms a joint with at least one other
Give the skeleton mobility

42. B. Functional Classifications
1. Synarthroses
a. Immovable joints
2. Amphiarthroses
a. Slightly moveable
3. Diarthroses
a. Freely moveable

43. C. Structural Classifications 1. Fibrous joints a
C. Structural Classifications 1. Fibrous joints a. united by fibrous tissue b. Ex. Sutures of the skull i. sutures bind bones tightly together ii. No movement

44. 2. Cartilaginous joints a. bone ends connected by fibrcartilage b. Ex
2. Cartilaginous joints a. bone ends connected by fibrcartilage b. Ex. Invertebral joints of the spinal column i. slightly moveable

45. 3. Synovial joints a. bones separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid b. Ex. All joints of the limbs

46. c. Six types of synovial joints
i. Plane- gliding
ii. Hinge- swinging
iii. Pivot- rotating
iv. Condylar- side to side & back and forth
v. Saddle- side to side & back and forth
vi. Ball-and-socket- all directions