1. MATTER AND ENERGY
CHAPTER THREE

2. What is matter? Two chemical forms of matter: What is a mixture?
Elements
Compounds
What is a mixture?
How many known elements are there?
How many are naturally occurring?
How are elements represented?

3. STATES OF MATTER

4. Other facts about matter:
The smallest unit of matter is ___?
What is an ion?
What is a molecule and how are they held together?
What are subscripts and what do they represent?
The three physical states of matter on earth are____.

5. The Atom Major parts of the atom are:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
The protons and neutrons form the ___
Electrons are located in ____
What is the atomic number?
What is the mass number?
What are isotopes?
How do you identify isotopes in the symbol?

6. ISOTOPES

7. WHAT ARE IONS?
IF AN ATOM HAS 11 PROTONS AND 10 ELECTRONS IT IS A ______ION.
IF IT HAS 17 PROTONS AND 18 ELECTRONS IT IS A ___ ION.
HOW ARE THE CHARGES ON AN ION SHOWN AFTER THE SYMBOL?

8. Holding atoms together
What does a chemical formula tell you?
What are the characteristics of ionic bonds?
What is an example of an ionic bond?
What are covalent bonds?
What is an example of a covalent bond?
What are hydrogen bonds?
What is an example of a hydrogen bond compound?

9. Covalent bonds

10. Other important compounds

11. Hydrogen bonds

12. What are organic compounds?
What element do all organic compounds contain? What other elements can be also combined?
Organic compounds can be natural or synthetic.
Most organic compounds are covalent bonds.

13. Types of organic compounds:
Hydrocarbons made up of ___
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
An example would be:
Chlorofluorocarbons -
Simple carbohydrates
Monomers
Polymers
Complex carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

14. MORE ON PROTEINS:
ALPHA-AMINO ACIDS - 20 DIFFERENT MONOMERS - # & SEQUENCE SPECIFIED BY GENETIC CODE IN DNA MOLECULES IN CELLS
NUCLEIC ACIDS - DNA & RNA - MADE BY LINKING MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES TOGETHER

15. GENES - SEUQENCES OF NUCLEOTIDES - CARRIES A CODE WHICH CONTAINS TRAITS PASSED FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING
GENOME - ALL OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION FOR AN ORGANISM.
What are GENE MUTATIONS?
What are CHROMOSOMES?

16. Some important elements
Composition of the earth’s crust
Inorganic compounds
All compounds that do not contain carbon
Crust - outermost layer of earth - mainly inorganic minerals and rocks

17. Matter quality
A measure of how useful a matter resource is - based on availability and concentration
High quality matter -organized, concentrated and usually found near earth’s surface
Low quality - disorganized, dilute,often deep underground or dispersed in the ocean or atmosphere - have little potential use as a matter resource.

18. Matter Quality

19. WHAT IS ENERGY? What is ENERGY ? What is WORK? What is a FORCE?
Forms of energy - light, heat, electricity, chemical energy, mechanical energy, and nuclear energy

20. Types of energy What is Kinetic energy? What does it depend on?
Examples: wind, flowing water, electricity, electromagnetic radiation, heat, temperature
What is Potential energy?
What does it depend on?
Potential energy changes into kinetic energy etc.

21. Electromagnetic spectrum
Transverse waves
Different wavelengths and frequencies
Ionizing radiation - harmful forms of electromagnetic radiation
Non-ionizing radiation - does not contain enough energy to form ions

23. Temperature What is temperature? What is heat?
The average speed of the motion of the molecules in a given sample of matter
What is heat?
The total kinetic energy of all the moving molecules within a given substance

24. How is heat transferred?
What is convection?
What is Conduction?
What is Radiation?

25. Energy quality An energy source’s ability to do useful work
High-quality - organized or concentrated - can perform useful work
Electricity, coal, gasoline, sunlight,uranium
Low - quality - disorganized or dispersed- can perform little useful work
Heat in water, air, etc.

26. Changes in matter What is a Physical change?
What are some examples of physical changes?
All changes involve energy - taken in or released
What is a Chemical change ?
What is an example?
What is a CHEMICAL Equation?
Reactants --> products

27. Law of Conservation of Matter
All the matter on earth is here and cannot be “thrown away” - there is no “away”
Earth is a closed system
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
Matter is not consumed

28. Nuclear changes
Natural radioactivity- when nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously break down into one or more different isotopes
Three types:
1. Natural radioactive decay
2. Nuclear fission
3. Nuclear fusion

29. Law of Conservation of matter and energy
Applies to nuclear changes because a certain amount of mass (matter) is changed into energy.
The TOTAL amount of matter and energy involved remains the same

30. What are Pollutants? Severity of their effects depends on:
Chemical nature
Concentration
Persistence
Three categories:
Degradable – nonpersistent
Biodegradable
Slowly degradable -
Presistent
Nondegradable 

31. Nuclear Changes Changes in the nucleus of the atom Three types:
Natural radioactive decay
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion

32. Natural radioactive decay
Unstable isotopes - radioisotopes - spontaneously break down and emit:
Alpha particles - positively charged helium nuclei
Beta particles - high speed electrons
Gamma rays - high speed ionizing electromagnetic radiation

33. Half-life Rate of decay
Time needed for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation
Eventually forms a new element
Is not affected by temp. pressure, chemical changes, etc.
Rule is store for 10 half-lives for safety

34. Nuclear fission
Nuclei of atoms with large mass numbers are split into lighter nuclei
Neutrons used to split
Releases more neutrons and energy
Critical mass - needed to start reaction

35. More on fission Atomic bombs - uncontrolled nuclear fission
Damage cells
Used in nuclear power plants

36. Nuclear fusion
Two isotopes of light elements are combined under great heat and pressure to form a heavier nucleus
Harder to initiate
Thermonuclear weapons

37. Ionizing Radiation – from natural or background sources
Can come from space, soil, food, etc.
Has energy to knock electrons from atoms
Can disrupt living cells, interfere with body processes and cause cancer.
Nonionizing radiation doesn not contain enough energy to form ions.

38. First law of thermodynamics
In all physical and chemical changes, energy is neither created nor destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another
Energy input always equals energy output
You can’t get something for nothing - cannot get more energy out of a system than is put in!!!

39. Second law of thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded to lower quality less useful energy usually heat lost to the environment
We ALWAYS end up with less useful energy than we started with.
An incandescent light bulb - 5 % light, 95% heat

40. More on 2nd law
We can NEVER recycle or reuse high quality energy to do useful work.
You get high quality matter and energy in your body, you use it and you add low quality waste matter and heat to the environment.

41. What is energy efficiency?
A measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system
Always measured as a percent (%)
Affects life because you get and use high quality matter and energy , use it and add low quality heat and waste back into the environment.